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Melamine cu theihhngalhmi rawl thurhnawmhnak a si i rawl phun cheukhat ah ruahlo piin le timhcia tein a um kho. Hi hlathlainak nih aa tinhmi cu ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk hnah ah melamine hmuh khawhnak le zat tuak khawhnak hngalh khawhnak ding caah a si. Iran ramkulh dangdang in chawlehnak ah hmuh khawhmi rawl sample 40, ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk hnah telh in, an hlathlai hna. Sample chung i a naihmi melamine dat cu high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) system hmangin tuak a si. 0.1-1.2 μg mL−1 karlak ah melamine hmuh khawhnak caah tahfung (R2 = 0.9925) cu ser a si. Zat tuak khawhnak le hmuh khawhnak ri cu 1 μg mL−1 le 3 μg mL−1 an si. Melamine cu ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk hnah ah hneksaknak an tuah i a phichuak nih ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk hnah sample ah melamine dat cu 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 le 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1 an si ti a langhter. Hi sining hna hi EU upadi le Codex Alimentarius he aa tlak. Melamine a tlawmmi hi cawhnuk chuahmi hna dinnak nih hin a cawtu ngandamnak caah tihnung a chuahpi lo ti kha hngalh a biapi. Mah cu risk thlennak hmuhmi nih a dirpi ve.
Melamine cu C3H6N6 timi molecule formula he cyanamide in chuahmi organic compound a si. Ti chungah a tlawm tuk i a tlawm tuk i nitrogen 66% hrawng a si. Melamine cu plastic, chiti, le rawl sernak thilri (rawl chiahnak le rawlchuannak thilri telh chih in) sernak ah phungning tein hmannak phunphun a ngeimi thilri sernak ah hmanmi thilri a si1,2. Melamine cu zawtnak thlopnak caah sii phurtu ah hman a si fawn. Melamine chung i nitrogen a tam tuk caah mah thilri kha ningcang loin hman khawh a si i rawl ah protein molecule sining a pek khawh3,4. Cucaah, cawhnuk thilri telh in rawl thilri ah melamine cawh ahcun nitrogen dat a karhter. Cucaah, hnuk chung i a ummi protein dat cu a taktak nakin a tam deuh tiah palhnak in biachahnak an tuah.
Melamine gram pakhat ah, rawl chung i protein dat cu 0.4% in a karh lai. Sihmanhsehlaw, melamine cu ti ah a cawh kho tuk i fahnak fak deuh a chuahter khawh. Cawhnuk tibantuk ti bantuk thilri ah melamine gram 1.3 cawh ahcun cawhnuk chung i protein dat kha 30% in a karhter khawh5,6. Melamine cu saram le minung rawl hmanh ah protein dat karhternak caah an cawh ko nain7, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) le ramchung nawlngeitu hna nih melamine cu rawl ah chapmi ah an cohlan lo i vun in ei, thawchuah, asiloah luhpi ahcun tihnung ah an chiah. 2012 ah, Vawleicung Ngandamnak Bu (WHO) Cancer Hlathlainak caah Ramkip Zung nih melamine cu minung ngandamnak caah tihnung a si kho caah Class 2B carcinogen ah a chiah8. Melamine he caan saupi i pehtlaihnak nih cancer asiloah kal rawhnak a chuahter khawh2. Rawl chung i melamine cu cyanuric acid he an i fonh khawh i ti ah a cawh kho lomi a senmi lungvar a ser khawh i cu nih cun kal le zunthlum tissue a hrawh khawh, cun zunthlum cancer le thau zornak zong a chuahter khawh9,10. A fakmi rawl eidin fahnak a chuahter khawh i, a tam tuk ahcun, thihnak a chuahter khawh, a hlei in ngakchia le ngakchia tete ah.11 Vawleicung Ngandamnak Bu (WHO) nih CAC lamhruainak cung ah hram bunh in minung caah nikhat ah melamine ei khawhmi (TDI) cu nikhat ah 0.2 mg/kg pum rit ah a chiah.12 US Food and Drug Administration (US) nih FDA caah a tam bik a tangmi zat kha a khiah 1 mg/kg cu ngakchia rawl ah a si i 2.5 mg/kg cu rawl dang ah a si.2,7 September 2008 ah, ramchung ngakchia rawl sertu cheukhat nih an thilchuak ah protein a tam deuh nakhnga cawhnuk ah melamine an cawh tiah report an tuah, cu nih cun cawhnuk nih a chuahter i ram pumpi huap in melamine nih a chuahter i ngakchia 2004 leng a zawter hna 50,000 leng sizung ah an chiah hna. 13
Khuapi nunnak harsatnak, nu asiloah ngakchia zawtnak tibantuk thil phunphun ruangah hnuk dinh cu a si kho zungzal lo, cu nih cun ngakchia rawl peknak ah ngakchia rawl hman a chuahter. Cu ruangah, hnuk hnuk he aa naih khawh chungin aa naih ngaimi ngakchia rawl chuah khawhnak ding caah sehzung pawl an dirh14. Market ah zuarmi ngakchia rawl cu a tlangpi in caw hnuk in sermi a si i a tlangpi in thau, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin, mineral le a dang compound pawl cawhmi a hleiin sermi a si. Nu hnuk he naih tein um khawhnak ding caah, cawhnuk chung i a ummi protein le thau aa dang, cun hnuk phun cungah aa hngat in, annih cu vitamin le mineral tibantuk thir15 tibantuk thilri hna he an fehter hna. Naute cu a fawimi phu an si caah le rungrul thahnak ttihnung a um caah, cawhnuk dinnak himnak cu ngandamnak caah a biapi tukmi a si. Tuluk ngakchia hna lakah melamine poisoning case a chuah hnu in, vawleicung ramkip nih hi kong hi biatak tein an zoh, cun hi kong he pehtlai in sensitivity zong a karh. Cucaah, ngakchia ngandamnak kilven khawhnak ding caah ngakchia rawlchuannak uknak kha fehter a biapi khun. Rawl chung i melamine hmuh khawhnak ding caah lam phunphun a um, cu hna ah cun high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis, sensory method, spectrophotometry le antigen-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay16 hna an i tel. 2007 ah, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nih rawl chung i melamine le cyanuric acid hngalh khawhnak caah HPLC phunglam pakhat an ser i an chuah, cucu melamine dat hngalh khawhnak caah a ttha bikmi phunglam a si17.
Infrared spectroscopy thiamnak thar hmangin tahmi ngakchia rawl ah melamine dat cu 0.33 in 0.96 milligrams per kilogram (mg kg-1) karlak a si. 18 Sri Lanka ah hlathlainak an tuahmi ah cawhnuk tlawmpal ah melamine dat cu 0.39 in 0.84 mg kg-1 karlak a si tiah an hmuh. Cun, ramdang in luhpimi ngakchia rawl sample ah melamine a sang bik, 0.96 le 0.94 mg/kg, ciocio. Hi tlukruannak hna hi phunglam nih a khiahmi (1 mg/kg) tang ah an um, asinain zohkhenhnak program cu hmantu himnak caah a herh. 19
Hlathlainak zeimawzat nih Iran ngakchia rawl ah melamine dat a um le um lo an zohfel. Sample 65% hrawng ah melamine aa tel, a tlangpi in 0.73 mg/kg le a tam bik 3.63 mg/kg. Hlathlainak dang nih ngakchia rawl ah melamine dat cu 0.35 in 3.40 μg/kg karlak a si, a tlangpi in 1.38 μg/kg a si tiah a langhter. A dihlak in, Iran ngakchia rawl ah melamine a um le um lo le a tlawm le tam cu hlathlainak phunphun ah an zohfel, sample cheukhat ah melamine aa telmi nih phunglam sertu hna nih an chiahmi a sang bik ri (2.5 mg/kg/feed) a lonh.
Rawlchuannak ah cawhnuk tlawmpal direct le indirect in hmannak a tam tukmi le ngakchia rawl peknak ah ngakchia cawhnuk a biapitnak kong ruah tikah, hi hlathlainak nih hin cawhnuk cawhnuk le ngakchia cawhnuk ah melamine hmuh khawhnak lam kha fehter a timh. A ngaingai ti ahcun, hi hlathlainak i a hmasa bik tinhmi cu a ttha ngaimi ti chromatography (HPLC) le ultraviolet (UV) hmuh khawhnak hmangin ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk hnah ah melamine cawhmi hmuh khawhnak ding caah a rangmi, a sawhsawhmi le a dikmi zat tuaktannak lam ser a si; Pahnihnak ah, hi hlathlainak nih aa tinhmi cu Iran market ah zuarmi ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk hnah ah melamine dat a um le um lo hngalh khawhnak ding caah a si.
Melamine hlathlainak caah hmanmi thilri hna cu rawl chuahnak hmun cungah aa hngat. A ttha i zumhawktlak HPLC-UV hlathlainak lam cu hnuk le ngakchia rawl chung i melamine a tangmi tahnak caah hman a si. Cawhnuk chuahmi thilri ah melamine tahnak ah a buaiter khomi protein le thau phunphun an um. Cucaah, Sun le a hawile nih an langhter bantukin. 22, thilri hlathlainak tuah hlanah aa tlakmi le ttha tein thianhhlimhnak strategy a herh. Hi hlathlainak ah, hman khawhmi syringe filter kan hman. Hi hlathlainak ah, ngakchia cawhnuk chung i melamine le cawhnuk cawhnuk thleidan awkah C18 column kan hman. Figure 1 nih melamine hmuh khawhnak caah chromatogram a langhter. Cun, 0.1–1.2 mg/kg melamine aa telmi sample pawl hmuh tthannak cu 95% in 109% karlak a si, hnulei kirnak tlukruannak cu y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925) a si, cun aa pehtlaimi tlukruannak (RSD) man cu 8% in 2% karlak a si. A ummi data nih a langhter mi cu hlathlainak tuahmi tlawmtam zat ah hi lam hi zumhawktlak a si (Table 1). Melamine hmuh khawhnak (LOD) le zat tuak khawhnak (LOQ) cu 1 μg mL−1 le 3 μg mL−1 an si. Cun, melamine UV spectrum nih 242 nm ah laknak band a langhter. Hmuh khawhnak lam cu a fiangmi, zumhawktlakmi le a dikmi a si. Hi lam hi melamine level hngalh khawhnak caah hman khawh a si.
Cu bantuk hmuhmi cu catialtu zeimawzat nih an chuah cang. Cawhnuk chuahmi thilri chung i melamine hlathlainak caah a ttha ngaimi ti chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC) phunglam cu ser a si. A niam deuhmi tahnak ri cu 240 nm ah hnuk cawhnuk caah 340 μg kg−1 le ngakchia rawl caah 280 μg kg−1 an si. Filazzi le a dangdang. (2012) nih HPLC hmangin ngakchia rawl ah melamine an hmu lo tiah an thanh. Sihmanhsehlaw, hnuk hnah sample 8% ah 0.505-0.86 mg/kg tluk melamine aa tel. Tittlemiet et al.23 nih aa lo ngaimi hlathlainak an tuah i ngakchia rawl (sample number: 72) chung i melamine dat cu high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (HPLC-MS/MS) hmangin 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1 hrawng a si tiah an tuak. Venkatasamy le a hawile nih an tuahmi hlathlainak ah. (2010), a hringmi chemistry lamthluan (acetonitrile tel loin) le a hnulei-tthen ttha tein a ttha ngaimi ti chromatography (RP-HPLC) kha ngakchia cawhnuk le hnuk ah melamine tuaktan awkah hman an si. Sample tlawmtam cu 1.0 in 80 g/mL tiang a si i a lehnak cu a tlarimi (r > 0.999) a si. Mah lam nih 5-40 g/mL tlawmtam ah 97.2-101.2 hmuh tthannak a langhter i thlen khawhnak cu 1.0% tlukruannak tlukruannak nak tlawm deuh a si. Cun, hmuhmi LOD le LOQ cu 0.1 g mL−1 le 0.2 g mL−124 an si. Lutter le a dangdang. (2011) nih HPLC-UV hmangin caw hnuk le hnuk in sermi ngakchia rawl ah melamine thurhnawmhnak an hmuh. Melamine tlawmtam cu < 0.2 in 2.52 mg kg−1 karlak a si. HPLC-UV phunglam i a tlarimi thlennak cu caw hnuk caah 0.05 in 2.5 mg kg−1, ngakchia rawl caah 0.13 in 6.25 mg kg−1 a si i protein mass fraction <15% a si, cun 0.25 in 12.5 mg kg−1 a si i 0.25 in 12.5 mg kg−1 a si i 15% protein mass fraction a si. LOD (le LOQ) hmuhmi cu caw hnuk caah 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1), ngakchia rawl caah 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1) <15% protein, le ngakchia rawl caah 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg1−1−1-15% protein, a um lo signalise LOD le LOQ caah 3 le 1025 tlukruannak, ciocio. Diebes le a dangdang. (2012) nih HPLC/DMD hmangin ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk hnah sample ah melamine dat an hlathlai. Ngakchia rawl ah, a niam bik le a sang bik cu 9.49 mg kg−1 le 258 mg kg−1 an si. Hmuh khawhnak ri (LOD) cu 0.05 mg kg−1 a si.
Javaid le a dangdang. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1) hmangin ngakchia rawl chung i melamine a tangmi hna cu 0.002–2 mg kg−1 karlak ah an um tiah an thanh. Rezai et al.27 nih melamine tuaktannak caah HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) phunglam an chuahpi i cawhnuk cawhnuk caah LOQ 0.08 μg mL−1 an hmuh, cucu hi hlathlainak ah hmuhmi nakin a niam deuh. Sun le a dangdang. a fekmi tthencheunak (SPE) in ti bantuk cawhnuk chung i melamine hmuh khawhnak caah RP-HPLC-DAD a ser. LOD le LOQ 18 le 60 μg kg−128 an hmuh, cucu atu lio hlathlainak nakin a ttha deuh. Montesano le a dangdang. HPLC-DMD phunglam cu 0.05-3 mg/kg tluk tahnak ri he protein chapmi chung i melamine dat tuaktannak caah a tthatnak kha a fehter, cucu hi hlathlainak ah hmanmi phunglam nakin a tlawm deuh29.
Lunghrin awk um loin, hlathlainak laboratory hna nih pawngkam kilvennak ah a biapi tukmi rian an ttuan i sample phunphun ah a ummi thil thurhnawm pawl kha an zohfel hna. Sihmanhsehlaw, hlathlainak tuah lio ah reagents le solvents tampi hmannak nih tihnung a simi thilri a chuahter khawh. Cucaah, green analytical chemistry (GAC) cu 2000 ah riantuantu le pawngkam cungah hlathlainak tuah ning nih a chuahpimi thil ttha lo zorternak asiloah hloh khawhnak ding caah sermi a si26. Chromatography, electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, le enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) hna telh in hlanlio melamine hmuh khawhnak lam hna cu melamine hngalh khawhnak caah hman a si. Sihmanhsehlaw, hmuh khawhnak lam tampi lakah, electrochemical sensor pawl nih an ttha tukmi theih khawhnak, thim khawhnak, rang tein hlathlainak caan, le hman a nuammi sining hna ruangah mipi lungthin an lak ngaingai30,31. Green nanotechnology nih nanomaterials sernak caah biological lam a hman, cu nih cun ttihnung thilri le thazaang hmannak a zorter khawh, cucaah a hmunmi tuahsernak hna kha a thanchoter. Tahchunhnak ah, pawngkam he aa remmi thilri in sermi nanocomposites cu biosensors ah melamine tibantuk thilri pawl hmuh khawhnak caah hman khawh a si32,33,34.
Hlathlainak nih a langhter mi cu solid-phase microextraction (SPME) cu hlanlio chuahnak lam he tahchunh tikah a thazaang hman ning le a hmunmi a sang deuh caah ttha tein hman a si. SPME pawngkam he aa remmi le thazaang ttha tein hman khawhnak nih hlathlainak chemistry ah hlanlio chuahnak lam hna nakin a ttha tukmi lam dang a siter i sample timhtuahnak caah a hmunmi le ttha deuhmi lam a pek35.
2013 ah, Wu le a hawile. a ttha tukmi le thim khawhmi surface plasmon resonance (mini-SPR) biosensor a ser i, cu nih cun melamine le anti-melamine antibodies karlak i pehtlaihnak kha a hman i, immunoassay hmangin ngakchia rawl ah melamine kha rang tein a hmuh khawh. SPR biosensor cu immunoassay (melamine-conjugated bovine serum albumin hmangin) he fonh in hman a fawimi le a man a fawimi thiamnak a si i hmuh khawhnak ri cu 0.02 μg mL-136 lawng a si.
Nasiri le Abbasian nih chawlehnak sample ah melamine hmuh khawhnak ding caah graphene oxide-chitosan composites (GOCS) he fonh in a tthawngmi phorh khawhmi sensor an hman37. Hi lam nih hin thim khawhnak, a dikthliar le lehnak a sang tukmi a langhter. GOCS sensor nih khuaruahhar in a hngalh khawhnak (239.1 μM−1), 0.01 in 200 μM tiang a tlarimi, 1.73 × 104 tiang aa pehtlaimi, le 10 nM tiang LOD a langhter. Cun, Chandrasekhar le a hawile nih an tuahmi hlathlainak nih. 2024 ah pawngkam he aa remmi le a man a fawimi lam a hman. Papaya vun chuahmi kha pawngkam he aa remmi lam in zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) sernak caah zorternak thilri ah an hman. Cu hnu ah, ngakchia rawl ah melamine a um le um lo hngalh khawhnak caah a dang tein a ummi micro-Raman spectroscopy thiamnak pakhat an ser. Loram thilri hnawm in chuahmi ZnO-NPs nih hin man a ngeimi thlopnak thilri le melamine38 zohkhenhnak le hmuh khawhnak caah zumhawktlak, man tlawmmi thiamnak pakhat a si ti a langhter.
Alizadeh le a dangdang. (2024) nih cawhnuk chung i melamine hngalh khawhnak ding caah a ttha tukmi thir-organic framework (MOF) ceunak hmunhma an hman. Sensor i linear range le a niam deuhmi hmuh khawhnak ri, 3σ/S hmangin tuakmi cu, 40 in 396.45 nM (25 μg kg−1 in 0.25 mg kg−1 tluk) le 40 nM (25 μg kg−1 tluk) an si. Hi tlukruannak hi ngakchia rawl (1 mg kg−1) le a dang rawl/rawl sample (2.5 mg kg−1) ah melamine hngalh khawhnak caah chiahmi a tam bik a tangmi (MRLs) nak in a niam deuh ngaingai. A ceumi sensor (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) nih HPLC39 nakin hnuk cawhnuk chung i melamine hmuh khawhnak ah a dikthliar deuh le a dikthliar deuh in tah khawhnak a langhter. Green chemistry ah biosensor le nanocomposites nih hmuh khawhnak lawng si loin a hmunmi thanchonak phunglam he aa tlakmi pawngkam ttihnung zong a zorter.
Green chemistry phunglam hna cu melamine hngalh khawhnak caah lam phunphun ah hman a si cang. Lam pakhat cu ngakchia rawl le ti lum tibantuk sample chungin melamine 40 ttha tein chuah khawhnak ding caah citric acid he aa pehtlaimi natural polar polymer β-cyclodextrin hmangin a hringmi a karhmi solid-phase microextraction lam sernak a si. A dang lam pakhat nih cun hnuk zohchunhmi chung i melamine hngalh khawhnak caah Mannich reaction kha a hman. Hi lam hi a man a fawi, pawngkam he aa remmi a si, cun a dikthliar tukmi a si i 0.1-2.5 ppm tiang a tlarimi a si i hmuh khawhnak ri tlawmte 41 a si. Cun, a man a fawimi le pawngkam he aa remmi lam pakhat cu cawhnuk le ngakchia rawlchuannak ah melamine zat hngalh khawhnak caah Fourier transmission infrared transmission hmangin a dikthliar in le a dikthliar in hmuh khawhnak rikhiahnak sangpi he ser a si 1 ppm le 3.5 ppm, ciocio 42. Hi lam hna nih hin melamine hngalh khawhnak caah a ttha mi le a hmunmi lam sernak ah green chemistry phunglam hmannak kha a langhter.
Hlathlainak zeimawzat nih melamine hmuh khawhnak ding caah lam thar an chuahpi, cu hna cu solid-phase chuahnak le high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)43 hmannak tibantuk an si, cun a rangmi high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), cu nih cun a harmi pre-treatment asiloah ion-pair reagents a herh lo, cucaah thilri rawhralnak a zorter444. Hi lam hna nih hin cawhnuk chuahmi thilri chung i melamine hngalh khawhnak caah a dikmi phichuak an pek lawng si loin, green chemistry phunglam zong an zulh, ttihnung chemical hmannak a tlawmter i hlathlainak tuahnak nih pawngkam cung ah a chuahpimi hnahnawhnak a zorter.
Brand phun dangdang sample 40 cu voithum tiang hneksaknak an tuah hna, cun a phichuak cu Table 2 ah langhter a si. Ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk cawhnuk sample ah melamine dat cu 0.001 in 0.004 mg/kg le 0.001 in 0.095 mg/kg karlak a si. Ngakchia cawhnuk kum thum karlak ah thlennak nganpi hmuh a si lo. Cun, hnuk 80% ah melamine an hmuh, asinain ngakchia rawl 65% cu melamine in a thurhnawmh.
Riantuannak cawhnuk hnawm ah melamine dat cu ngakchia cawhnuk nakin a tam deuh, cun aa dannak cu a lang (p<0.05) (Figure 2).
A phichuak cu FDA nih a chiahmi ri (1 le 2.5 mg/kg tang) tang ah a um. Cun, hmuhmi cu CAC (2010) le EU45,46 nih an chiahmi ri he aa tlak, cucu ngakchia rawl caah 1 mg kg-1 le cawhnuk caah 2.5 mg kg-1 a si.
Ghanati le a hawile nih 2023 ah an tuahmi hlathlainak ning in, Iran ram ah cawhnuk phunphun ah melamine dat cu 50.7 in 790 μg kg−1 karlak a si. An hmuhmi cu FDA nih a onhmi ri tang ah a um. Kan hmuhmi cu Shoder le a hawile.48 le Rima le a hawile.49 nakin a niam deuh. Shoder le a dangdang. (2010) nih ELISA in tuakmi cawhnuk (n=49) chung i melamine dat cu 0.5 in 5.5 mg/kg karlak a si tiah an hmuh. Rima le a dangdang. fluorescence spectrophotometry hmangin cawhnuk chung i melamine a tangmi kha an hlathlai i cawhnuk chung i melamine dat cu 0.72–5.76 mg/kg a si ti an hmuh. Canada ah 2011 ah ngakchia rawl (n=94) ah melamine dat a tlawm le tam zohfelnak caah liquid chromatography (LC/MS) hmangin hlathlainak an tuah. Melamine tlawmtam cu cohlan khawhmi ri tang ah a um ti an hmuh (a hramthawk tahfung: 0.5 mg kg−1). A hmaan lomi melamine dat hmuhmi cu protein dat karhternak caah hmanmi lam a si lai ti cu a fiang lo. Sihmanhsehlaw, chiti hmannak, kuang chung thilri thlennak, asiloah aa lo ngaimi thil hna in fianter khawh a si lo. Cun, Canada ram ah luhpi mi hnuk buh chung i melamine a chuahkehnak zong an langhter lo50.
Hassani le a dangdang. 2013 ah Iran chawlehnak ah cawhnuk buh le cawhnuk ti chung i melamine dat kha an tah i aa lo ngaimi phichuak an hmuh. A phichuak nih a langhter mi cu, cawhnuk buh le cawhnuk ti bantuk phunkhat ti lo ahcun, a dang sample vialte cu melamine in an thurhnawm dih, cawhnuk buh ah 1.50 in 30.32 μg g−1 le cawhnuk ah 0.11 in 1.48 μg ml−1 karlak a si. Hngalh awk ngai a simi cu, cyanuric acid cu sample pakhat hmanh ah hmuh a si lo, cu nih cun a cawtu hna caah melamine fahnak a chuahter khomi thil a zorter. 51 Hlan lio hlathlainak hna nih cawhnuk hnah aa telmi chocolate thilri chung i melamine dat kha an tuak. Ramdang in luhpi mi sample 94% hrawng le Iran sample 77% hrawng ah melamine aa tel. Ramdang in luhpi mi sample ah melamine dat cu 0.032 in 2.692 mg/kg karlak a si, cu lio ah Iran sample ah 0.013 in 2.600 mg/kg karlak a si. A dihlak ah, melamine cu 85% sample ah hmuh a si, asinain a bik in brand pakhat lawng nih a onhmi ri cunglei ah a um.44 Tittlemier et al. cawhnuk chung i melamine dat cu 0.00528 in 0.0122 mg/kg tiang a si tiah an thanh.
Table 3 nih kum upa phu pathum caah risk thlennak hmuhmi kha a tawinak in a langhter. Kum upa phu vialte ah ttihnung cu 1 nak tlawm deuh a si. Cucaah, ngakchia rawl ah melamine in ngandamnak caah cancer a chuahter lomi ttihnung a um lo.
Cawhnuk chuahmi thilri ah a niam deuhmi thurhnawmhnak cu timhtuahnak lio ah timh loin thurhnawmhnak ruangah a si kho, a sang deuhmi cu timhcia tein chapmi ruangah a si kho. Cun, melamine a tlawmmi cawhnuk thilri ei ruangah minung ngandamnak caah a chuakmi ttihnung cu a niam tiah ruah a si. Cu tluk tlawmte melamine aa telmi thilri ei nih cun a cawtu ngandamnak caah zeihmanh tihnung a chuahpi lo tiah biachahnak tuah khawh a si52.
Cawhnuk chuahnak riantuannak ah rawl himnak zohkhenhnak a biapitnak ruah tikah, a hlei in mipi ngandamnak kilvennak lei ah, cawhnuk buh le ngakchia cawhnuk chung i melamine dat le a tangmi hna tuaktannak le tahchunhnak caah lam pakhat ser le fehter cu a biapi tukmi a si. Ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk cawhnuk ah melamine a um le um lo hngalh khawhnak caah a sawhsawh i a dikmi HPLC-UV spectrophotometric phunglam cu ser a si. A zumhawktlak le a hmaan le hmaan lo hngalh khawhnak ding caah tuah ning cu fehter a si. Mah lamthluan i hmuh khawhnak le zat tuak khawhnak rikhiahnak hna cu ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk hnah ah melamine dat tah khawhnak ding caah a ttha tukmi a si tiah an langhter. Kan data ning in, Iran sample tam deuh ah melamine an hmuh. Hmuhchuahmi melamine dat vialte cu CAC nih a chiahmi a sangbik a onhmi ri tang ah an um, cu nih cun hi bantuk cawhnuk thilri hna ei nih minung ngandamnak caah tihnung a chuahpi lo ti a langhter.
Chemical reagents hmanmi vialte cu hlathlainak ttha an si: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% a thiangmi (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); HPLC-grade acetonitrile (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); ti thiang tuk (Millipore, Morfheim, France). Voikhat hman khawhmi syringe filter (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, pore size 0.45 μm, membrane diameter 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany).
Ultrasonic bath (Elma, Germany), centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Germany) le HPLC (KNAUER, Germany) hna cu sample pawl timhtuahnak caah hman an si.
UV hmuh khawhnak he aa pehtlaimi a ttha ngaimi ti chromatograph (KNAUER, Germany) kha hman a si. HPLC hlathlainak dirhmun cu a tanglei bantuk in an si: ODS-3 C18 hlathlainak column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, particle size 5 μm) (MZ, Germany) he aa pehtlaimi UHPLC Ultimate system kha hman a si. HPLC eluent (mobile phase) cu TFA/methanol cawhmi (450:50 mL) a si i 1 mL min-1 a luang. Hmuh khawhnak wavelength cu 242 nm a si. Thunnak zat cu 100 μL a si, column lumnak cu 20 °C a si. Sii a um caan a sau caah (minute 15), a hnu bik thunnak cu minutes 25 hnu ah tuah ding a si. Melamine cu melamine tahfung hna i an chiah caan le UV spectrum sangbik tahchunhnak in hngalh khawh a si.
Melamine (10 μg/mL) a tlarimi cawhmi cu ti hmangin timhtuahnak a um i ceunak he aa hlatnak (4 °C) ah chiah a si. Stock cawhnuk kha mobile phase he cawh law riantuan ningcang cawhnuk kha timhtuah. A tlarimi cawhnuk pakhat cio cu HPLC chungah voi 7 an thun. Calibration equation 10 cu a tuakmi a sangbik hmun le a tuakmi tlawmtam hna i hnulei kirnak hlathlainak in tuak a si.
Chawlehnak ah hmuh khawhmi caw hnuk (20 samples) le caw hnuk in sermi ngakchia rawl phun dangdang samples (20 samples) cu Iran ram chung i a ummi chawdawr nganpi le sii dawr hna in kum aa dangmi ngakchia (thla 0-6, thla 6-12, le thla 12) rawl peknak caah cawk an si i hlathlainak tuah tiang lumnak (4C) ah chiah an si. Cun, 1 ± 0.01 g homogenized milk powder cu an tah i acetonitrile:ti (50:50, v/v; 5 mL) he an cawh. Cawhmi cu minutes 1 chung cawh a si, cun minutes 30 chung ultrasonic ti kholhnak ah sonicated a si, cun a donghnak ah minutes 1 chung hninh a si. Cu hnu ah cawhmi cu 9000 × g ah 10 min chung khaan lumternak ah an cawh i a cunglei ti cu 0.45 μm syringe filter hmangin 2 ml autosampler vial chungah an thlet. Cu hnu ah filtrate (250 μl) cu ti (750 μl) he cawh in HPLC system ah thun a si10,42.
Lamthluan fehternak caah, a ttha bikmi thil sining tangah hmuh tthannak, a dikthliar, hmuh khawhnak ri (LOD), zat tuak khawhnak ri (LOQ), le a dikthliar kha kan tuak. LOD cu a hramthawk aw-an tluk in a sangbik a sangmi sample chung thilri tiah fianter a si. Khatlei kam in, signal-to-noise ratio let 10 in a sang bik a sangmi sample chung thilri cu LOQ tiah fianter a si.
Thilri lehnak cu data point pasarih aa telmi tahfung thlennak hmangin tuak a si. Melamine aa telmi phunphun an hman (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 le 1.2). Melamine tuaktannak phunglam i a tlarimi sinak kha tuak a si. Cun, melamine phun dangdang zeimawzat cu a thiangmi sample ah an chap. Calibration curve cu ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk hnah sample ah 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 a tlarimi melamine cawhmi kha pehzulh tein thun in sermi a si i a R2 = 0.9925 a si. A dikthliarnak cu tuah tthan khawhnak le tuah tthan khawhnak in tuaktan a si i a hmasa bik le a hnu ni thum (a let thum) ah sample pawl thunnak in hmuh khawh a si. A dang tein chapmi melamine tlawmtam pathum caah RSD % tuak in tuah tthan khawhnak cu tuaktan a si. A dikthliar hngalh khawhnak ding caah damternak hlathlainak an tuah. Chuahnak lam in hmuh tthannak tlukruannak cu ngakchia rawl le cawhnuk ro sample ah melamine tlawmtam (0.1, 1.2, 2) tlukruannak pathum ah tuak a si9,11,15.
Nifatin ei dingmi (EDI) cu a tanglei formula hmangin tuak a si: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Ci cu a tlangpi in melamine dat a si, Cc cu hnuk dinmi a si i BW cu ngakchia hna an rit ning a si.
Data hlathlainak cu SPSS 24 hmangin tuah a si. A tlarimi sinak cu Kolmogorov-Smirnov hneksaknak hmangin hneksaknak tuah a si; data vialte cu nonparametric hneksaknak (p = 0) an si. Cucaah, phu karlak ah a biapi mi thleidannak hngalh khawhnak dingah Kruskal-Wallis hneksaknak le Mann-Whitney hneksaknak kha hman a si.
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