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ACS chungtel sinak number na ngeih ahcun hika ah rak khumh law mah account hi na chungtel sinak he kan pehtlaih khawh lai. (Thim khawhmi)
ACS nih na pumpak konglam kha a sunsak. Na konglam na kuatnak thawngin, C&EN ah na kal khawh i zarh fatin kan thawngpang kha na rel khawh. Na relnak hmuhtonnak ṭhanchoter awkah na pekmi thawngpang kha kan hman, cun na data kha midang sinah kan zuar bal lai lo.
2005 ah, thilri zuarnak company ngan Colgate-Palmolive nih North American thil sawhnak sii chawlehnak cu Fab le Dynamo tibantuk thilri pawl Phoenix Brands sinah zuar in a chuahtak. Kum thum hnu ah, thilri zuarnak company ngan dang, Unilever nih All le Wisk telh in a American thil sawhnak thilri phun cu Sun Products sinah a zuar.
A chawlehnak cu pumpak company hme deuh pahnih sin ah zuarnak nih P&G nih US thil sawhnak sii ah a sangbikmi chawlehnak cu a tei kho lo. Hngalh a nuammi cu, Procter & Gamble nih teinak an thanh lo.
A ngaingai ti ahcun, 2014 ah, Procter & Gamble (P&G) CEO a simi Alan G. Lafley nih Unilever a chuahtakmi kha a ngaihchih. A chimmi cu, thil sawhnak market i a laifang market kha a tei, P&G thilri pawl cu a sangmi market ah a bik in a chiah hna, cu lioah a niam deuhmi thilri pawl cu aa zuammi pathum he a pek hna. Procter & Gamble cu Tide and Gain tibantuk minthang thilri pawl zuartu a si. US thil sawhnak sii chawlehnak ah 60% hrawng a si, asinain hi cu a dir pengmi chawlehnak a si, cun company thilri le a zuamcawhtu hna karlak ah man thleidannak nganpi a um.
Kum khat hnu ah, a zuamcawhtu pakhat, German company Henkel nih thil sining a hninh. Company nih a ttha ngaimi European thil sawhnak sii Persil cu United States ah a chuahpi, a hmasa bik ah Wal-Mart hmangin a zuar, cun Target tibantuk dawr ah a zuar. 2016 ah, Henkel nih Sun Products a cawknak thawngin thil sining a buaiter chin.
Persil chuahnak nih thil sawhnak sii chawlehnak cu a thawhter ṭhan, asinain Lafley ruahnak nakin a rang deuh men lai. Nikum May thla ah khan, “Consumer Report” mekazin nih Henkel thilthar pakhat, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, American thil sawhnak sii ttha bik tiah min a sak tikah, amah le P&G hruaitu dang hna cu an khuaruah a har ko lai. Siangpahrang bawiluchin khumhnak puai nih Tide cu kum tampi chung ah a voikhatnak bik pahnihnak ah a chiah.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) nih 2016 ah a hmasa bik minthang thilchuak Tide Ultra Stain Release cu an ser ṭhan. Company nih cun surfactants an chap i ti tlawmpal an hloh, cu nih cun a thurhnawmmi le a tlawm deuhmi formula a chuahter i cu nih cun thurhnawmhnak a hloh khawh. Mekazin nih a hnu i Consumer Reports hlathlainak ah thilri cu a sangbik ah a um tiah a ti, asinain tahfung ning in a biapi lo.
Consumer Reports nih naite ah khan Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent le Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 cu United States ah thil sawhnak sii tha bik pahnih ah an langhter. C&EN nih hi dirhmun a chuahtertu thilri pawl le an hmannak le sertu hna kha a zohfel hna lai.
Consumer Reports nih naite ah khan Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent le Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 cu United States ah thil sawhnak sii tha bik pahnih ah an langhter. C&EN nih hi dirhmun a chuahtertu thilri pawl le an hmannak le sertu hna kha a zohfel hna lai.
Henkel nih P&G cu American mipi nih thil sawhnak sii man sang a cawkmi hna sinah fakpi in a doh hna lai maw ti chim awk a tuan tuk rih. Asinain P&G's formulation chemist pawl nih zuamnak a um lo caah an lung a tling lo ahcun, an hloh hrimhrim hna lai.
Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical ah hmannak le thiamnak lei riantuannak hruaitu Shoaib Arif nih, United States ah, Tide le Persil cu chawlehnak caah thilri ttha taktak an si i riantuan ning tlukruannak pali ah tthen khawh an si tiah a fianter. Kum tampi chung, Arif le a dang Pilot scientist pawl nih innchung thilri company tampi kha thil sawhnak sii thar le thianhnak thilri dangdang sernak ah an bawmh hna.
A man a niam deuhmi chawlehnak ah cun, a man a fawi tukmi thil sawhnak sii a si. Arif chimning ahcun, a man a fawimi surfactant lawng aa tel kho men, cu hna cu linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) tibantuk an si i, a thlum le a rong zong aa tel kho men. Thilri a hnu bik dirhmun nih cun sodium citrate, tackifier le a pahnihnak surfactant tibantuk surfactant adjuvants asiloah builders pawl kha a chap khawh.
LABS cu anionic surfactant a si, cu cu puan chungin thil hme tete hloh khawhnak ah a thiam i cotton puan cungah ttha tein a ttuan. A pahnihnak a tlangpi in hmanmi surfactant cu ethanol ethoxylate a si, non-ionic surfactant a si, cucu LABS nakin a ttha deuh, a hlei in sermi hri chungin chiti le thurhnawmhnak hlohnak caah a si.
A pathumnak tthen ah, sertu hna nih a man tlawm deuh in mit ceutertu thilri an chap khawh. Hi mit ceunak nih hin ultraviolet ceunak kha a lak i a senmi hmun ah a thlah i thilthuam kha a ceu deuh in a langhter. A ttha deuhmi surfactants, chelating agents, a dang sertu le anti-redeposition polymers cu cu bantuk sernak ah hmuh khawh an si tawn, cu nih cun thil sawhnak ti chungin thurhnawmhnak kha a tlaih khawh i puan cungah a um tthan lonak hnga a kham khawh.
A man a fak bikmi thil sawhnak sii hna cu a sangmi surfactant loading le a dang surfactants phunphun, zu sulfates, zu ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid soaps le cations tibantuk hna in an langhter. Ramdang vawlei tlaih khawhnak polymers (procter & Gamble le Henkel tibantuk company caah sermi cheukhat) le enzymes zong hi phun ah an i tel ve.
Sihmanhsehlaw, Arif nih cun thilri pawl khonnak nih amah tein harnak a chuahpi tiah ralrin a pek. Cheukhat ahcun, thil sawhnak sii sernak cu science a si, cun chemist pawl nih chemical thilri hna an tthatnak kha an hngalh, cu hna cu surfactants hna i an cunglei cawlcanghnak tibantuk an si.
Hitin a fianter: “Asinain, formula an ser hnu ahcun, hi thil vialte nih pakhat le pakhat an i thlen lai, cun a donghnak formula nih zeidah a tuah lai ti kha fiang tein na chim kho lai lo.” "Nunnak taktak ah a ttha maw ttha lo ti hngalh awkah na hneksak rih a hau."
Tahchunhnak ah, surfactants le builders nih enzyme cawlcanghnak kha an kham khawh, tiah Arif nih a chim. Thil sawhnak sii sertu hna nih hi buainak hi tawlrel awkah enzyme fekternak (sodium borate le calcium formate tibantuk) an hman khawh.
Battelle's World Detergent Project i hlathlainak scientist bik a simi Franco Pala nih a ttha ngaimi thil sawhnak phun ah hmuhmi surfactant a tammi zong nih harnak a chuahter khawh tiah a langhter. “Hi tluk in a tammi surfactants tampi chap cu a fawi lo,” tiah Pala nih a fianter. A cawh khawhnak cu buainak ah a cang, cun surfactants karlak ah a ttha lomi pehtlaihnak zong buainak ah a cang.
Pala nih a hruaimi Battelle program cu 1990s hramthawk ah vawleicung thianhhlimhnak thilri phunphun hna an i fonh ning hlathlainak in aa thawk. Battelle nih scientific thilri phunphun a hman i thilri phunphun a hman i thilri phunphun a hman i thilri zuarnak thilri a petu hna kha thilri cazin leng tiang an kal khawh nakhnga bawmh a si, tahchunhnak ah, surfactants hna i ethoxylation tlukruannak asiloah surfactants hnulei cu a tlarimi asiloah a tthenmi a si le si lo hngalhthiam awk a si.
Para nih a chimmi cu nihin ah, polymers cu thil sawhnak thilri ah thilthar sernak ah a biapi mi hrampi an si. Tahchunhnak ah, Tide le Persil thilri pahnih nih hin polyethyleneimine ethoxylate an ngei, cucu BASF nih Procter & Gamble caah a sermi thurhnawmhnak a lakmi polymer a si, asinain atu cu thil sawhnak sii sertu hna caah a tam deuh in hmuh khawh a si cang.
Pala nih a langhter ning ahcun terephthalic acid copolymers cu a ttha ngaimi thil sawhnak thilri cheukhat zongah hmuh khawh a si, cu nih cun thil sawhnak tuah lio ah puan kha a khuh lai, cu nih cun a hnu thil sawhnak tuah lio ah thurhnawmhnak le thurhnawmhnak kha fawi tein a hloh khawh lai. Battelle nih gel permeation chromatography tibantuk thilri pawl hmangin polymer pawl kha a thleidan hna i cu hnuah an sining hngalh khawhnak ding caah infrared spectroscopy a hman.
Battelle program nih hin enzymes zong kha fakpi in a zoh, cu hna cu thilchuaktu hna nih kum fatin an tthanchoter pengmi biotech thilri an si. Enzyme cawlcanghnak tuaktan awkah, Pala phu nih enzyme cu chromophore aa telmi substrate ah an langhter. Enzyme nih a tanglei kha a hrawh tikah, chromophore cu a chuak i laknak asiloah ceunak spectroscopy in tah a si.
Protein a dohtu proteases cu 1960s dongh lei ah thil sawhnak ah an chap hmasa bikmi enzyme an si. A hnu ah hriamnam chiahnak ah an chapmi enzyme hna cu amylase, cu nih cun starch a hrawk, le mannanase, cu nih cun guar gum caah a thukmi thilri a hrawk. Guar aa telmi rawl (ice cream le barbecue sauce tibantuk) kha thilpuan cungah a thlet tikah, chewing gum cu thilthuam cungah a tawl hnu zongah a um peng lai. Puan chungah aa khumh i a tlawmmi thurhnawmhnak caah hri bantuk in hman a si, hloh a harmi thurhnawmhnak a chuahter.
Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 le Tide Ultra Stain Release pahnih nih hin protease, amylase le mannanase an ngei.
Persil ah hin lipase (thau a rawk khomi) le cellulase (cotton fiber chung i glycosidic bonds cheukhat hydrolyze in direct in thianh khawhmi) zong aa tel i fiber ah aa hngatmi thurhnawmhnak kha a hloh khawh. Cellulase nih cotton zong a nemter khawh i a rong a ceuter khawh. Cu lio caan te ah cun, patent cazin ning in, tidil thianhnak sii i a dang tein a ummi cu glucanase a si, mah nih cun amylase nih a hrawh khawh lomi polysaccharides kha a hrawh khawh.
Novozymes le DuPont cu caan saupi chung enzyme chuahtu nganbik an si cang, asinain BASF cu naite ah khan proteases phun in chawlehnak ah a lut. Nikum tthal ah Germany ah tuahmi thianhhlimhnak thilri kong ceihmainak ah, BASF nih a thar protease le polyethyleneimine ethoxylate fonhmi kha a thanchoter, cawhmi nih hin a lum lomi thil sawhnak caah thil sawhnak sii ser a duhmi hna caah riantuannak a tthanchoter tiah a ti.
A ngaingai ti ahcun, Arif le a dang market zohfeltu hna nih an chimmi cu, thil sawhnak sii sertu hna kha thazaang tlawmte hman a herhmi thilri asiloah pawngkam kilvennak a herhmi thilri sernak nawl pek cu hi chawlehnak ah a hnu bik hmailei a si tiah an ti. Nikum May thla ah khan, P&G nih Tide Purclean timi a minthangmi brand phunkhat a chuah, a chung thilri 65% cu thingram in a chuakmi a si. Cun, October thla ah, Unilever nih Seventh Generation, thingram ttawlnak sii le a dang thianhnak thilri a sertu cu US ttawlnak thilri zuarnak ah luh tthan dingin a cawk.
A ttha bikmi thilri pawl kha laksawng a hmumi thil sawhnak sii ah ser cu a har zungzal ko nain, “nihin ah a ummi thil sining cu a ttha deuhmi a si,” tiah Arif nih a chim. “Customer pawl nih, ‘Minung le pawngkam caah a poi lo deuhmi, asinain a ttha rihmi thilri pawl kha zeitindah kan ser khawh lai?’ tiah an hal.