Hi capar hi “Antimicrobial hmannak, antimicrobial doh khawhnak le rawl saram hna i an microbiome” timi hlathlainak tlangtar ah aa telmi a si. Capar 13 vialte zoh
Saram rawl ah chapmi thilri caah organic acid pawl cu an herh peng rih. Nihin tiangah, rawl himnak ah biapi chiah a si, a bik in ar le saram dang hna ah rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul tlawmternak ah a si. Organic acid zeimawzat cu a tu ah hlathlainak an tuah cuahmah lio a si asiloah chawlehnak caah hman a si cang. A kau ngai in hlathlainak tuahmi organic acid tampi lakah, formic acid cu pakhat a si. Formic acid cu ar rawl ah Salmonella le a dang rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul pawl kha rawl ah le an ei hnu ah an pawpi chung ah an um lonak ding caah an chap. Formic acid nih a tthatnak le a thlennak kong theihthiamnak a karh tikah, formic acid a ummi nih Salmonella ah lam pakhatkhat a chuahter khawh ti cu a fiang chin lengmang. Formic acid nih pawpi chung a luh tikah le pawpi chung ah a ummi Salmonella lawng si loin pawpi chung i a ummi microbial flora he zong aa pehtlaih tikah hi lehnak hi a har deuh kho. Zohfelnak nih a tu lio hmuhmi le formic acid in thlopmi ar le rawl hna i an microbiome kong hlathlainak tuah chapnak caah ruahchannak hna kha a zohfel lai.
Saram le ar zuatnak pahnih ah, zuamcawhnak cu rawl himnak ttihnung a tlawmter lio ah tthanchonak le thilchuah khawhnak a tthattermi zohkhenhnak lamhruainak ser a si. Hlanlio ah, antibiotics kha thlopnak tlawmtam in peknak nih saram ngandamnak, tthanchonak le thilchuah khawhnak a tthanchoter (1-3). Riantuan ning zoh tikah, a tlawm deuhmi tlawmtam ah pekmi antibiotics nih pawpi (GI) thingram le, cu nih cun, a ngeitu he an i pehtlaihnak kha a thlennak thawngin inntek lehrulhnak a thlen tiah ruahnak an chuah (3). Sihmanhsehlaw, antibiotic-resistant rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul karh khawhnak kong le minung ah antibiotic-resistant zawtnak he pehtlaihnak an ngeih khawhnak kongah lungretheihnak a um pengmi nih rawl saram hna ah antibiotic hmannak kha zaangfah tein ngolter a si (4–8). Cucaah, a tlawmbik ah hi herhmi cheukhat (saram ngandamnak, tthanchonak le thilchuah khawhnak tthanchoternak) a tlintermi rawl chapmi le tthanchotertu sernak cu fimcawnnak lei hlathlainak le chawlehnak lei tthanchonak lei in zoh tikah a biapi tukmi a si (5, 9). Saram rawl zuarnak ah chawlehnak caah hmanmi rawl chapmi phunphun an lut, cu hna ah cun probiotics, prebiotics, thingram phunphun in a chuakmi a herhmi chiti le aa pehtlaimi thilri hna le aldehydes tibantuk chemical hna an i tel (10–14). Ar ah hman tawnmi chawlehnak rawl chapmi dang hna cu bacteriophages, zinc oxide, exogenous enzymes, zuamnak ah aa telmi thilri, le acidic compounds hna an si (15, 16).
A um cangmi chemical rawl chapmi hna lakah, aldehydes le organic acids cu tuanbia ah a tam bik hlathlainak le hmanmi compound an si (12, 17–21). Organic acids, a bik in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), cu zawtnak a chuahter khomi bacteria dohtu minthang an si. Hi organic acid pawl hi rawl ah zawtnak rungrul a ummi tlawmter lawng si loin pawpi riantuannak ah a cawlcangmi thil a chuahtertu rawl ah hmanmi thilri ah hman an si (17, 20–24). Cun, SCFAs cu rawl eidinnak lam chung i pawpi chung thilnung hna nih an cawhmi in a chuakmi an si i, pawpi chung i a ummi zawtnak rungrul pawl doh khawhnak ding caah probiotics le prebiotics cheukhat nih an tuah khawhnak ah mechanistic role an ttuan tiah ruah a si (21, 23, 25).
Kum tampi chung, a phunphun in a tawimi thau acid (SCFAs) nih rawl ah chapmi thilri ah mipi lungthin an lak. A bik in, propionate, butyrate, le formate hna cu hlathlainak tampi le chawlehnak caah hmannak kong an si (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Hmasa hlathlainak hna nih saram le ar rawl ah rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul khamnak ah an i hngat lio ah, naite hlathlainak hna nih saram riantuan ning le pawpi ngandamnak tthanchonak ah an i thlen (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, le butyrate hna cu organic acid rawl chapnak ah mipi lungthin an lak ngai hna, cu hna lakah formic acid zong hi ruahchannak a ummi a si (21, 23). Formic acid rawl himnak lei ah lungthin tampi pek a si, a bik in saram rawl ah rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul a zorternak kong ah. Sihmanhsehlaw, hman khawhnak dang zong an ruah cuahmah lio a si. Hi zohfelnak i a tlangpi in aa tinhmi cu saram rawl a tthanchotertu formic acid tuanbia le a tu dirhmun zohfel ding a si (Figure 1). Hi hlathlainak ah hin, formic acid nih rungrul a doh khawhnak lam kha kan zohfel lai. Cun, saram le ar cungah a chuahpimi thil kha naih deuh in kan zoh lai i a tthatnak tthanchoter khawhnak ding caah a si khomi lam hna kha kan i ruah lai.
Fig. 1. Hi zohfelnak ah aa telmi a konglam hna lungthin map. A bik in, a tanglei a tlangpi tinhmi hna hi an zoh: saram rawl tthanchotertu ah formic acid tuanbia le a tu dirhmun, formic acid nih a chuahpimi rungrul thahnak lam le saram le ar ngandamnak cungah a hmannak nih a chuahpimi thil, le tthatnak tthanchoternak caah a si khomi lam hna kha langhter.
Saram le ar caah rawl chuah cu a harmi riantuannak a si i a phunphun aa tel, cu ah cun rawl kung kha taksa in thlennak (tahchunhnak ah, a tlawm deuhmi tlawmternak caah cawh), pellet tuahnak caah lumnak in thlennak, le saram nih a herhmi rawl ah rawl phunphun chapnak hna aa tel (27). Hi thil harsatnak ruangah, rawlchuannak nih rawlchuannak sehzung a phak hlanah, rawlchuannak sehzung a phak hlanah, cun a hnu ah rawlchuannak sehzung a phak hlanah, cun a hnu ah rawlchuannak rawlchuannak ration ah phurh le rawlchuannak ah rawlchuannak nih pawngkam thil phunphun a chuahter ti cu khuaruahhar awk a si lo (9, 21, 28). Cucaah, kum tampi chung, rawl ah a phunphun in a ummi thilnung hme tete phu pakhat an hmuh hna, cu hna ahcun bacteria lawng si loin bacteriophages, fungi le yeasts zong an i tel (9, 21, 28–31). Hi thil thurhnawm cheukhat, fungi cheukhat tibantuk nih hin saram ngandamnak caah tihnung a simi mycotoxins a chuahter khawh (32–35).
Bacteria milu cu a phunphun an si kho i thilnung hme tete thleidannak le hngalh khawhnak caah hmanmi lam hna le sample chuahkehnak cungah tlawmpal aa hngat. Tahchunhnak ah, pelleting he aa pehtlaimi lumternak tuah hlan ah microbial fonhmi sining cu aa dang kho (36). Classical culture le plate plating phunglam nih thawngpang cheukhat a pek ko nain, 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) phunglam naite ah hmannak nih rawl einak microbiome community kong ah a tling deuhmi thlennak a pek (9). Solanki le a hawile nih (37) nih rungrul khamnak sii phosphine he caan zeimawzat chung chiahmi rawl kung hna i bacterial microbiome kha an zohfel tikah, an lak hnu le thla 3 chiah hnu ah microbiome cu a phunphun deuh ti an hmuh. Cun, Solanki le a hawile. (37) (37) nih Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, le Planctomyces cu rawl kung ah a ukmi phun an si, Bacillus, Erwinia, le Pseudomonas cu a ukmi phun an si, cun Enterobacteriaceae nih tlawmte lawng an si ti a langhter. Taxonomic tahchunhnak cungah hram bunh in, phosphine fumigation nih bacteria milu kha tampi a thlen nain fungal phunphun kha a hnorsuan lo tiah an ti.
Solanki le a dangdang. (37) nih cun rawlchuannak hmun ah hin rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul zong aa tel kho i cu nih cun mipi ngandamnak kongah harnak a chuahter khawh ti kha a langhter, cucu microbiome chung i Enterobacteriaceae hmuhmi cungah hram bunh in a si. Rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul hna cu Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, le Listeria monocytogenes hna cu saram rawl le silage he pehtlaihnak an ngei (9, 31, 38). Saram le ar rawl ah rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul dang hna an um peng ning cu a tu ah theih a si rih lo. Ge le a dangdang. (39) nih saram rawl 200 leng an zoh i Salmonella, E. coli, le Enterococci an thleidan hna, asinain E. coli O157:H7 asiloah Campylobacter an hmu lo. Sihmanhsehlaw, rawl ro tibantuk matrices hna cu zawtnak a chuahter khomi E. coli hrampi ah an hman khawh. Minung zawtnak he aa pehtlaimi Shiga rungrul a chuahtertu Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 le O26 2016 a chuahkehnak hmun kawlnak ah, Crowe et al. (40) nih rawl chuahmi chungin hmuhmi thleidannak he sii lei thleidannak tahchunh awkah genome dihlak zulhphung an hman. Hi tahchunhnak cungah hram bunh in, annih nih a chuahkehnak hmun cu changvut sernak sehzung in a tlawmmi ti a tlawmmi changvut changvut a si tiah an ti. Rawl changvut ah a tlawmmi ti nih STEC cu ti a tlawmmi saram rawl zongah a nung kho ti a langhter. Sihmanhsehlaw, Crowe le a hawile nih an chim. (40) hngalhter, changvut sample chungin STEC thleidan cu a har i a za tawk in bacteria cells hmuh khawhnak ding caah immunomagnetic thleidannak lam a herh. Cu bantuk thlopnak kalning nih saram rawl ah a tlawmmi rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul hmuh khawhnak le thleidan khawhnak zong a harter khawh. Hmuh khawhnak a harnak cu ti a tlawmmi matrices ah hi zawtnak hrik pawl caan saupi an um caah a si kho men. Forghani le a dangdang. (41) nih rawl kung changvut cu khaan lumternak ah chiahmi le enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, le O145 le Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, le S. Anatum) cawhmi he thlopmi cu ni 18 ah tah khawh a si i hmuh khawh a si rih ti kha a langhter. zarh 24 le 52 ah.
Hlanlio ah, Campylobacter cu saram le ar rawl chungin hlanlio nunphung phunglam in thleidan a si bal lo (38, 39), asinain Campylobacter cu ar le ar thilri hna i an pawpi chungin fawi tein thleidan khawh a si (42, 43). Sihmanhsehlaw, rawl nih a tthatnak a ngeih rih ko nain a tthatnak cu a chuak khomi a si. Tahchunhnak ah, Alves le a hawile. (44) nih a thau mi ar rawl kha C. jejuni he thlopbulnak le a hnu ah rawl kha ni 3 asiloah ni 5 chung aa dangmi lumnak pahnih ah chiahnak nih a nung khomi C. jejuni a hmuh ṭhan i, a caan ahcun, an karh tiang a chuahter ti kha a langhter. C. jejuni cu ar rawl ah a nung kho hrimhrim lai tiah an ti i, cucaah, ar caah zawtnak hrik a chuahter khomi a si kho.
Saram le ar rawl ah Salmonella zawtnak nih a luan ciami caan ah mipi lungthin a lak cang i rawl ah a hleiin hman khawhmi hmuh khawhnak lam sernak le a ttha deuhmi uk khawhnak lam kawlnak ah a kal cuahmahmi riantuannak ah a biapi bikmi a si peng (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Kum tampi chung, hlathlainak tampi nih rawlchuannak hmun le rawlchuannak sehzung phunphun ah Salmonella thleidannak le sining an zohfel (38, 39, 54–61). A dihlak in, hi hlathlainak hna nih Salmonella cu rawl phunphun, rawl chuahnak, rawl phun, le rawl sernak riantuannak hna in thleidan khawh a si ti a langhter. A karh ning le a tam deuhmi Salmonella serotypes thleidanmi zong aa dang. Tahchunhnak ah, Li le a hawile. (57) nih Salmonella spp. a um ti a fehter. 2002 in 2009 tiang data laknak caan chung ah saram rawl tling, rawl chung thilri, saram rawl, saram rawl, le saram bawmhnak in lakmi 2058 sample chungin 12.5% ​​ah hmuh a si. Cun, Salmonella 12.5% ​​ah hmuhmi serotypes a tam bik cu S. Senftenberg le S. Montevideo (57) an si. Texas ah ei dih cangmi rawl le saram rawl chuahmi thilri hna kong hlathlainak ah, Hsieh et al. (58) nih Salmonella a karh biknak cu ngasa rawl ah a si tiah an thanh, cun saram protein nih a zulh, S. Mbanka le S. Montevideo cu a tam bik serotypes an si. Rawl sernak sehzung hna nih rawl cawhnak le thilri chapnak ah rawl thurhnawmhnak a chuahter khomi hmun zeimawzat zong an langhter (9, 56, 61). Magossi le a dangdang. (61) nih United States ah rawl chuah lio ah thurhnawmhnak hmun tampi a chuak kho ti kha an langhter khawh. A ngaingai ti ahcun, Magossi le a hawile. (61) nih United States ramkulh pariat ah rawlchuannak sehzung 11 (a dihlak ah zohchunhnak hmun 12) ah a tlawmbik Salmonella cinnak a ttha mi pakhat an hmuh. Rawl tawlrelnak, phorhnak le nifatin rawl peknak ah Salmonella zawtnak a chuah khawhnak a um caah, saram chuahnak caan chung vialte ah a tlawmmi rungrul thurhnawmhnak a zorter khomi le a kilven khawhmi rawl chapnak thilri sernak ah fakpi in rian an ttuanmi hi khuaruahhar awk a si lo.
Salmonella nih formic acid a lehrulh ning kong ah theihmi tlawmte lawng a um. Sihmanhsehlaw, Huang le a hawile. (62) nih saram hna i an ril hmete ah formic acid a um ti le Salmonella spp. formic acid chuah khawhnak an ngei. Huang le a dangdang. (62) nih Salmonella rungrul thahnak genes langhternak hmuh khawhnak dingah a biapimi lam hna i hlohnak thlennak phunphun an hman i formate nih Salmonella kha Hep-2 epithelial cells luhhnawh awkah a karh khomi hmelchunhnak bantukin rian a ttuan khawh ti kha an hmuh. Nai ah, Liu le a hawile. (63) nih Salmonella typhimurium chungin formate phurtu, FocA, kha pH 7.0 ah a hleiin formate lam pakhat bantukin rian a ttuan nain lenglei pH sang ah a cawlcang lomi chuahnak lam pakhat bantukin asiloah pH niam ah a pahnihnak a cawlcangmi formate/hydrogen ion luhternak lam pakhat bantukin rian a ttuan khomi a thleidan. Sihmanhsehlaw, hi hlathlainak cu S. Typhimurium serotype pakhat lawng ah tuahmi a si. Serotype vialte nih formic acid kha aa khatmi lam in an lehrulh maw timi biahalnak a um rih. Mah cu hmailei hlathlainak ah tawlrel dingmi a biapi tukmi hlathlainak biahalnak a si peng. A phichuak zei a si hmanh ah, rawl ah Salmonella tlawmternak caah acid chapmi hmannak caah ruahnak cheuhnak tlangpi ser tikah thleidannak hneksaknak ah Salmonella serotype tampi asiloah serotype pakhat cio phun tampi hmanh hman cu fim a si peng. Lam thar deuh, cu bantuk cu serotype aa khatmi phu hme tete thleidan khawhnak ding caah phun pawl code tuahnak caah genetic barcoding hmannak tibantuk (9, 64), nih biachahnak le aa dannak fianternak a hnorsuan khomi a hme deuhmi aa dannak hna kha thleidan khawhnak caantha a pek.
Formate chemical sining le tthencheunak phun zong a biapi kho men. Hlathlainak phunphun ah, Beyer le a hawile nih. (65–67) nih Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, le Campylobacter coli khamnak cu aa ṭhenmi formic acid zat he aa pehtlai i pH asiloah aa ṭhen lomi formic acid he aa pehtlaimi a si lo ti kha a langhter. Bacteria pawl nih an tonmi formate chemical phun zong a biapi tukmi a lo. Kovanda le a dangdang. (68) nih Gram-negative le Gram-positive thilnung zeimawzat an zohfel hna i sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) le sodium formate le free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L) cawhmi a niam bik khamnak (MICs) kha an tahchunh hna. MIC man cung ah hram bunh in, sodium formate cu Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, le Streptococcus pneumoniae lawng ah a kham khawh, asinain Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, asiloah Enterococcus faecalis ah a kham khawh lo ti an hmuh. Cu he aa dang in, sodium formate le free sodium formate cawhmi cu thilnung vialte a kham khawh hna, cu nih cun catialtu hna kha free formic acid nih hin rungrul thahnak thilri tam deuh a ngei tiah an ti. MIC man hna i an i dannak cu cawhmi formula chung i a ummi formic acid zat le 100% formic acid lehnak he aa pehtlai maw ti hngalh khawhnak ding caah hi chemical phun hnih hna i an i dannak ratio zohfel cu a nuam lai.
Gomez-Garcia le a dangdang. (69) nih vok sinin hmuhmi Escherichia coli, Salmonella, le Clostridium perfringens phun tampi he a herhmi chiti le organic acid (formic acid tibantuk) fonhmi kha an hneksak. Formic acid telh in organic acid paruk le a herhmi chiti paruk hna kha vok thleidannak cungah an hneksak hna, formaldehyde kha a ttha mi zohchunhnak ah an hman. Gomez-García le a dangdang. (69) nih Escherichia coli (600 le 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 le 2400 ppm, 4), le Clostridium perfringens (1200 le 2400 ppm, 2) dohnak ah formic acid MIC50, MBC50, le MIC50/MBC50 kha an tuak, cu hna lakah cun acid nakin a ttha deuh tiah an hmuh E. coli le Salmonella dohnak caah organic acids. (69) Formic acid cu a hmete mi molecule le a saumi hri ruangah Escherichia coli le Salmonella dohnak ah a ttha (70).
Beyer le a dangdang. vok chungin thleidanmi Campylobacter phun (66) le ar chungin thleidanmi Campylobacter jejuni phun (67) kha an zohfel i formic acid cu a dang organic acid caah tahmi MIC lehnak he aa tlakmi tlawmtam ah aa ṭhen ti kha a langhter. Sihmanhsehlaw, hi acid pawl, formic acid telh in, an i pehtlaihnak thazaang cu biahalnak a um, zeicahtiah Campylobacter nih hi acid pawl hi substrate ah a hman khawh hna (66, 67). C. jejuni acid hmannak cu khuaruahhar awk a si lo, zeicahtiah nonglycolytic metabolism a ngei ti a lang. Cucaah, C. jejuni nih carbohydrate catabolism caah thilti khawhnak tlawmte lawng a ngei i a thazaang thlennak le biosynthetic cawlcanghnak tam deuh caah amino acid le organic acid in gluconeogenesis cungah aa hngatchan (71, 72). Line le a hawile nih an tuahmi hlathlainak hmasa bik. (73) nih carbon source 190 aa telmi phenotypic array an hman i C. jejuni 11168(GS) nih carbon source ah organic acid a hman khawh ti a langhter, cu hna lakah a tam deuh cu tricarboxylic acid cycle karlak ah a ummi an si. Wagli le a hawile nih an tuahmi hlathlainak dang hna. (74) nih phenotypic carbon hmannak array hmangin an hlathlainak ah an zohfelmi C. jejuni le E. coli phun hna cu carbon hrampi ah organic acid cungah an ṭhang kho ti kha a langhter. Formate cu C. jejuni thawchuahnak thazaang thlennak caah electron petu bik a si i, cucaah, C. jejuni caah thazaang hrampi bik a si (71, 75). C. jejuni nih formate cu membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex hmangin hydrogen petu ah a hman khawh i cu nih cun formate kha carbon dioxide, proton le electron ah a thlen i thawchuahnak caah electron petu ah a hman khawh (72).
Formic acid cu rungrul thahnak rawl tthatternak caah hmannak tuanbia sau ngai a si, asinain rungrul cheukhat nih rungrul thahnak sii caah hman ding in formic acid zong an chuah khawh. Rossini le a dangdang. (76) nih formic acid cu Ray (77) nih a luancia kum 350 hrawng ah a rak langhtermi rungrul hna i an acid sap ah aa telmi a si kho men tiah ruahnak a pek. Cu hnu cun, rungrul le rungrul dang hna ah formic acid chuahternak kong kan hngalhthiamnak cu a karh ngaingai, cun atu cu hi thil kalning hi rungrul hna ah a harmi rungrul dohnak system ah aa telmi a si ti kha theih a si cang (78). Hrik phu phunphun, hnahnawhnak a ngei lomi khuai, a tlongmi rungrul (Hymenoptera: Apidae), vawlei cung rungrul (Galerita lecontei le G. janus), rungrul a ngei lomi (Formicinae), le rungrul rungrul cheukhat (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga) hna cu i vennak caah formic acid an chuahter ti a si (78–88).
Ants pawl cu acidocytes an ngeih caah a si kho men, a bik in formic acid in sermi rungrul thlet khawhnak a pemi a hleiin a ongmi an ngei (82). Hrik pawl nih serine kha a hlankan in an hman i an rungrul thlihran ah formate tampi an chiah, cu hna cu an thlet hlan tiang formate nih a tlunh khawh lonak in a zohkhenhtu rungrul pawl kha a huhphenh khawh hna (78, 83). An chuahmi formic acid cu (1) rungrul dang hnuh khawhnak ding caah ralrin peknak pheromone rian a ttuan kho; (2) zuamnak le saram thah hmangmi hna dohnak ah i vennak sii si; le (3) bu thilri ah aa telmi resin he fonh tikah rungrul thahnak le rungrul thahnak sii bantukin rian a ttuan (78, 82, 84–88). Hrik nih an chuahmi formic acid cu rungrul thah khawhnak a ngei, cu nih cun a cunglei ah hman khawh a si lai tiah ruahnak a pek. Mah cu Bruch le a hawile nih an langhter. (88), nih cun resin ah sermi formic acid a chap i rungrul thahnak riantuannak kha tampi in a tthanchoter. Formic acid tthatnak le a nunnak caah a tthatnak tehte dang pakhat cu, pawpi acid a chuah kho lomi anteater ngan pipi nih formic acid aa telmi rungrul pawl kha an ei hna i anmah le anmah kha a dang rawl eidinnak acid ah a tlawmmi formic acid an hmuh khawh (89).
Lo tuahnak ah formic acid hmannak kong cu kum tampi chung ruah le hlathlai a si cang. A bik in, formic acid cu saram rawl le silage ah chapmi ah hman khawh a si. Sodium formate cu a fekmi le a ti bantuk in a ummi cu saram phun vialte, a ei mi le pawngkam caah a him tiah ruah a si (90). An zohfelnak (90) cungah hram bunh in, a tam bik 10,000 mg formic acid tluk/kg rawl cu saram phun vialte caah a him tiah ruah a si, cun a tam bik 12,000 mg formic acid tluk/kg rawl cu vok caah a him tiah ruah a si. Saram rawl tthatternak caah formic acid hmannak kong cu kum tampi chung hlathlainak an tuah cang. Saram le ar rawl ah silage kilvennak le rungrul thahnak sii caah chawlehnak man a ngei tiah ruah a si.
Acid tibantuk chemical chapmi hna cu silage chuahnak le rawl zohkhenhnak ah a biapi tukmi thil an si zungzal (91, 92). Borreani le a dangdang. (91) nih a ttha bikmi silage chuah khawhnak ding caah rawl tthatnak kha kilven a herh i a si khawh chungin a ro mi thilri kha chiah a herh tiah a ti. Cu bantuk tthaternak nih a chuahpimi cu ensiling tuahnak ah a tlawmbik ah sunghnak a zorter: silo chung i a hramthawk aerobic dirhmun in a hnu ah rawlchuannak, chiahnak le rawl peknak caah silo on tthannak tiang. Lo chung silage chuahnak le a hnu ah silage cawhnak tthaternak caah a hleiin lam hna cu hmundang (91, 93-95) ah fiang tein kan i ruah cang i hika ah fiang tein kan i ruah lai lo. Buainak bik cu silage chungah oxygen a um tikah yeast le mold nih a chuahtermi oxidative rawhralnak a si (91, 92). Cucaah, rawhralnak nih a chuahpimi thil ttha lo pawl doh khawhnak dingah biological inoculants le chemical additives pawl cu an rak luhpi hna (91, 92). Silage chapnak caah ruahnak cheuhnak dang hna cu silage ah a um khomi zawtnak rungrul (tahchunhnak ah, zawtnak a chuahtertu E. coli, Listeria, le Salmonella) le mycotoxin a chuahtertu fungi (96–98) karhternak kha kham a si.
Mack le a dangdang. (92) nih acid a ngeimi thilri pawl kha phun hnih ah a ṭhen hna. Propionic, acetic, sorbic, le benzoic acids tibantuk acid pawl nih saram pawl sinah pek tikah silage aerobic dirhmun kha a kilven i, cu nih cun yeast le molds ṭhanchonak kha a kham (92). Mack le a dangdang. (92) nih formic acid cu acid dang hna he a thleidan i silage protein a tthatnak a kilven lio ah clostridia le a rawkmi thilnung hme tete a khamtu direct acidfier ah a ruah. Tuahsernak ah, an chiti phun hna cu chiti phun a si lomi acid hna i an rawkralnak hrial khawhnak ding caah a tlangpi in hmanmi chemical phun an si (91). Hlathlainak phu tampi nih formic acid cu silage caah acid chapnak ah an hlathlai ve. Formic acid cu a rang tukmi acid a chuahter khawhnak le silage chung i protein le ti ah a cawh khomi carbohydrate a zortertu a ttha lomi silage microorganism ṭhanchonak a kham khawhnak caah theih a si (99). Cucaah, He et al. (92) nih silage chung i a ummi acid he formic acid kha a tahchunh. (100) nih formic acid nih Escherichia coli a kham khawh i silage pH a niamter khawh ti a langhter. Formic le lactic acid a chuahtertu bacteria cinmi hna zong kha silage ah an cawh hna i acidification le organic acid chuahternak kha a thawhter (101). A ngaingai ti ahcun, Cooley le a hawile. (101) nih silage cu 3% (w/v) formic acid in acid an tuah tikah, lactic le formic acid chuahmi nih 800 le 1000 mg organic acid/100 g sample a lonh ti kha an hmuh. Mack le a dangdang. (92) nih silage chapnak hlathlainak cauk kha a tawinak in an zohfel, 2000 hnu in chuahmi hlathlainak hna nih formic acid le a dang acid pawl kha an zoh i/asiloah an i tel. Cucaah, hi zohfelnak nih hin pumpak hlathlainak kong kha fiang tein a chim lai lo nain chemical silage chapnak ah formic acid tthatnak kong he pehtlai in a biapi mi thil cheukhat kha a tawinak in a langhter lai. Buffered le buffered formic acid pahnih ningin hlathlainak an tuah cang i a tam deuh ahcun Clostridium spp. A pehtlaimi cawlcanghnak (carbohydrate, protein, le lactate laknak le butyrate chuahternak) cu a zor deuh tawn, cu lio ah ammonia le butyrate chuahternak a zor i thil ro khonnak a karh (92). Formic acid riantuan ning ah rikhiahnak a um, asinain a dang acid he fonh in silage chapnak ah hmannak nih hi thil cheukhat hi a tei khawh (92).
Formic acid nih minung ngandamnak caah tihnung a simi zawtnak a chuahter khomi bacteria kha a kham khawh. Tahchunhnak ah, Pauly le Tam (102) nih laboratory silo hmete hna cu L. monocytogenes he an thlop hna i cu ah cun ryegrass ah a ummi thil ro phun thum (200, 430, le 540 g/kg) aa tel i cu hnu ah formic acid (3 ml/kg) asiloah lactic acid bacteria (8 × 10/5) le cellulotic enzymes an chap. Thlopnak pahnih nih L. monocytogenes cu a tlawmmi thil ro (200 g/kg) ah hmuh khawh lomi tiang a zorter tiah an thanh. Sihmanhsehlaw, a tlawm deuhmi thilri (430 g/kg) ah, L. monocytogenes cu formic acid-thlopmi silage ah ni 30 hnu zongah hmuh khawh a si rih. L. monocytogenes a zornak cu a niam deuhmi pH, lactic acid, le aa fonhmi aa pehtlaimi acid he aa pehtlaimi a lo. Tahchunhnak ah, Pauly le Tam (102) nih lactic acid le aa fonhmi undissociated acid levels cu a biapi tukmi an si tiah an hmuh, cucu a ruang cu L. monocytogenes ah formic acid-thlopmi media ah a ro cangmi thil a tam deuhmi silages in hmuhmi a zor lonak a ruang a si kho men. Hmailei ah Salmonella le zawtnak a chuahtertu E. coli tibantuk a dang a tlangpi in a ummi silage zawtnak rungrul hna caah mah bantuk hlathlainak tuah a hau. Silage microbial community dihlak i a tling deuhmi 16S rDNA sequence hlathlainak nih formic acid a um lio ah silage cawhnak a phunphun ah a cangmi silage microbial milu dihlak thlennak hngalh khawhnak ah a bawmh khawh (103). Microbiome data hmuhnak nih silage cawhnak a kalning ttha deuh in chimchung khawhnak ding le silage tthatnak sang ngeih khawhnak ding caah a ttha bikmi chapmi fonhnak ser khawhnak ding caah hlathlainak bawmhnak a pek khawh.
Rawl-hram bunhmi saram rawl ah, formic acid cu rawl-hram-hram bunhmi rawl phunphun ah zawtnak rungrul tlawmternak caah rungrul thahnak sii ah hman a si i cu pin ah saram chuahmi thilri tibantuk rawl chung thilri cheukhat zong a um. Ar le saram dang hna i zawtnak rungrul hna cung i a chuakmi thil hna cu phun hnih ah ṭhen khawh an si: rawl chung i zawtnak rungrul hna cungah direct in a chuakmi thil le thlopmi rawl an ei hnu ah saram hna i an pawpi ah a ummi zawtnak rungrul hna cungah a chuakmi thil hna (20, 21, 104). Fiang tein, hi phun hnih hi an i pehtlai, zeicahtiah rawl ah zawtnak rungrul a zor ahcun saram nih rawl a ei tikah uknak a zorter awk a si. Sihmanhsehlaw, rawl matrix ah cawhmi acid pakhatkhat i antimicrobial sining cu thil tampi nih a thlen khawh, cu hna cu rawl chung i a ummi thilri le acid cawhmi phun tibantuk an si (21, 105).
Hlanlio ahcun, formic acid le a dang aa pehtlaimi acid hmannak nih saram le ar rawl ah Salmonella kha direct in uk khawhnak ah a biapi in a chiah (21). Hi hlathlainak hna i an phichuak cu caan dangdang ah chuahmi zohfelnak zeimawzat ah fiang tein an langhter (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), cucaah hi hlathlainak hna chungin a biapimi hmuhmi cheukhat lawng hi zohfelnak ah kan i ruah. Hlathlainak zeimawzat nih rawlchuannak matrices chung i formic acid nih a chuahpimi rungrul thahnak riantuannak cu formic acid he i tonnak zat le caan, rawlchuannak matrix chung i ti a tlawm le tam, le rawl le saram pawpi chung i a ummi bacteria tlawmtam cungah aa hngat tiah an langhter (19, 21, 107–109). Rawl phun le saram rawl ah aa telmi thilri hna an chuahkehnak zong nih a thlen khawhmi thil an si. Cucaah, hlathlainak tampi nih Salmonella levels saram chuahmi thilri chungin thleidanmi bacteria rungrul hna cu thingram chuahmi thilri chungin thleidanmi he aa dang kho ti kha a langhter (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Sihmanhsehlaw, formic acid tibantuk acid pawl lehrulhnak aa dannak cu rawl ah serovar nunnak le rawl an sernak lumnak aa dannak he aa pehtlaimi a si kho (19, 113, 114). Acid thlopnak ah serovar lehrulhnak aa dannak zong nih a thurhnawmmi rawl he ar a thurhnawmhter khawh (113, 115), cun rungrul thahnak gene langhternak aa dannak (116) zong nih hmunhma a lak khawh. Acid tuar khawhnak aa dannak nih rawl-in a chuakmi acid pawl kha ttha tein an kham hna lo ahcun cinnak media ah Salmonella hmuh khawhnak kha a hnorsuan khawh (21, 105, 117–122). Rawl ei ning (a tlawm le tam in) nih hin pawpi chung ah formic acid a um le um lo zong a thlen khawh (123).
Rawl ah cawhmi formic acid i rungrul thahnak riantuannak tthatternak ding caah strategy zong a biapi tuk. Rawl cawhnak hlan ah a thurhnawmmi rawl thilri hna caah acid a tam deuhmi kha rawl sernak sehzung thilri hna rawhralnak a chuahter khomi le saram rawl thawtnak he aa pehtlaimi buaibainak hna kha tlawmter awkah ruahnak cheuh a si (105). Jones (51) nih cun chemical thianhnak tuah hlan ah rawl chung i a ummi Salmonella cu chemical thlopnak hnu ah rawl he aa tongmi Salmonella nakin uk a har deuh tiah a donghnak a tuah. Rawl sernak sehzung ah rawl sernak ah rawl kha lumternak in thlopnak cu rawl ah Salmonella zawtnak a chuahter lonak ding caah thlennak pakhat in ruahnak cheuh a si, asinain mah cu rawl sernak, a tlawm le tam, le rawl sernak he aa pehtlaimi thil dangdang cungah aa hngat (51). Acid pawl i rungrul thahnak riantuannak cu lum le kih zong aa hngat, cun organic acid pawl umnak ah a sangmi lum nih Salmonella cung ah aa bawmmi khamnak a chuahter khawh, Salmonella ti bantuk cinnak ah hmuh khawh a si (124, 125). Salmonella-a thurhnawmmi rawl kong hlathlainak zeimawzat nih a sangmi lumnak nih rawl matrix chung i acid hna an tthatnak a karhter timi ruahnak kha a dirpi (106, 113, 126). Amado le a dangdang. (127) nih Salmonella enterica le Escherichia coli phun 10 chung i lumternak le acid (formic asiloah lactic acid) i pehtlaihnak kha caw rawl phunphun in thleidanmi le acid a ngeimi caw hnah ah an thunmi hna ah lumnak le acid (formic asiloah lactic acid) pehtlaihnak hlathlainak caah a tlangpi in fonhmi suaisam an hman. Acid le bacteria isolate phun he, lumnak cu microbial zorternak ah a biapi bikmi thil a si tiah an donghter. Acid he aa pehtlaimi riantuan ttinak nih a uk rih, cucaah a niam deuhmi lumnak le acid tlawm deuh hman khawh a si. Sihmanhsehlaw, annih nih formic acid hman tikah riantuan ttinak tthatnak a um zungzal lo ti zong an hmuh, cu nih cun lumternak sang deuh ah formic acid a tthawnnak asiloah rawl matrix thilri pawl nih a khammi thil sining hna hi a ruang pakhat a si tiah an lunghrinh hna.
Saram pek hlan ah rawl chiahnak caan tlawmter cu rawl pek lio ah saram pum chungah rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul luhternak uk khawhnak lam pakhat a si. Sihmanhsehlaw, rawl chung i a ummi acid cu pawpi chung ah a luh hnu ah, a rungrul thahnak riantuannak kha a pehzulh ko lai. Pawpi chung i a ummi acidic thilri hna i an antimicrobial cawlcanghnak cu pawpi chung i a ummi acid a tlawm le tam, pawpi chung i a ummi hmun, pawpi chung i pH le oxygen dat, saram kum, le pawpi chung i a ummi microbial pawl an i fonh ning (cucu rawlchuannak lam a umnak le saram a puitlinnak) (21, 24, 128–132). Cun, pawpi chung i a ummi anaerobic microorganisms (an puitlin tikah pawpi pakhat lawng a ngeimi saram hna i an rawl ei ning a tanglei ah a ukmi) nih rawlchuannak in organic acids kha a chuahter, cu nih cun pawpi chung ah a lutmi caan tawite chung zawtnak rungrul hna cungah ralchanhnak a chuahter khawh (17–1919).
Hmasa hlathlainak tam deuh cu ar hna i an pawpi chung i Salmonella khamnak caah formate telh in organic acid hmannak kong ah an rak i hngat, cucu zohfelnak zeimawzat ah fiang tein an rak i ruah cang (12, 20, 21). Hi hlathlainak hna hi hmunkhat ah ruah tikah, a biapi mi hmuhtonnak zeimawzat tuah khawh a si. McHan le Shotts (133) nih formic le propionic acid peknak nih bacteria he thlopbulmi ar pawl cecum chung i Salmonella Typhimurium dat a zorter i ni 7, 14, le 21 an si ah an tuak tiah an langhter. Sihmanhsehlaw, Hume le a hawile nih. (128) nih C-14-labeled propionate an zohfel tikah, rawl ah propionate tlawmte lawng nih cecum a phan kho tiah an ti. Formic acid caah a hmaan ve maw ti cu hngalh a si rih lo. Sihmanhsehlaw, naite ah Bourassa le a hawile. (134) nih formic le propionic acid peknak nih bacteria he thlopmi ar hna an cecum ah Salmonella Typhimurium dat a zorter tiah an thanh, cu cu ni 7, 14, le 21 an si ah an tuak. (132) nih zarh 6 chung an ṭhanchonak caan chungah broiler ar pawl kha 4 g/t in formic acid peknak nih cecum chung i S. Typhimurium tlawmternak kha hmuh khawhnak tlawm deuh ah a zorter tiah an hmuh.
Rawl ah formic acid a um ahcun ar pawpi chung hmun dangdang ah hnahnawhnak a pek khawh. Al-Tarazi le Alshavabkeh (134) nih formic acid le propionic acid cawhmi nih cinmi le cecum ah Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) thurhnawmhnak a zorter khawh ti an langhter. Thompson le Hinton (129) nih chawlehnak ah hmuh khawhmi formic acid le propionic acid cawhmi nih thlaici le gizzard ah acid pahnih an tlawmter i aiawh in cawmkennak dirhmun tangah in vitro model ah Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 dohnak ah rungrul thahnak a si tiah an hmuh. Hi ruahnak hi Bird le a hawile nih an hmuhmi in vivo data nih a dirpi. (135) nih cun phorh hlan i rawl ulh caan chung ah ar dinmi ah formic acid a chap, ar cu ar sernak sehzung ah an kalpi hlan ah an tonmi rawl ulh he aa lo. Dinmi ti ah formic acid chapnak nih cinmi le epididymis ah S. Typhimurium a zorter, cun S. Typhimurium-positive cinmi a zorter, asinain positive epididymis a zorter lo (135). A tanglei pawpi chung ah an cawlcangh lio ah organic acid pawl a kilveng khomi phorhnak system sernak nih tthatnak a tthanchoter khawh. Tahchunhnak ah, formic acid microencapsulation le rawl ah chapnak nih cecal chung i Salmonella Enteritidis a zorter ti a si (136). Sihmanhsehlaw, saram phun cungah aa hngat in aa dang kho. Tahchunhnak ah, Walia le a hawile. (137) nih ni 28 a simi vok pawl cu formic acid, citric acid le essential oil capsules cawhmi an pekmi hna i an cecum asiloah an lymph nodes ah Salmonella a zormi an hmu lo, cun ni 14 ah zun ah Salmonella chuahnak a zor ko nain, ni 28 ah a zor lo. kham.
Saram zohkhenhnak ah rungrul thahnak sii pakhat a simi formic acid kong hlathlainak nih rawl in a chuakmi Salmonella kong kha a bik in a zoh ko nain, pawpi zawtnak dang zong a zohfelmi hlathlainak cheukhat zong an um. Kovanda le a hawile nih an tuahmi in vitro hlathlainak. (68) nih formic acid cu Escherichia coli le Campylobacter jejuni telh in pawpi rawl in a chuakmi zawtnak rungrul dang hna zong a doh khawh hna tiah an ti. Hlan deuh hlathlainak nih a langhter ning ahcun, organic acid (tahchunhnak ah, lactic acid) le formic acid aa telmi chawlehnak cawhmi nih ar ah Campylobacter dat a zorter khawh (135, 138). Sihmanhsehlaw, Beyer le a hawile nih an rak langhter cang bantukin. (67), Campylobacter dohnak caah rungrul thahnak sii ah formic acid hmannak nih ralrin a herh men lai. Hi hmuhmi hi ar caah rawl chapnak caah a hlei in buainak a chuahtertu a si, zeicahtiah formic acid cu C. jejuni caah thawchuahnak thazaang hrampi a si. Cun, a pawpi lei hmunhma cheukhat cu pawpi chung i a ummi bacteria, formate (139) tibantuk nih a chuahmi cawhmi acid cawhnak thilri hna he metabolic cross-feeding ruangah a si tiah ruah a si. Hi hmuhning nih hin hrampi cheukhat a ngei. Formate cu C. jejuni caah chemoattractant a si caah, formate dehydrogenase le hydrogenase pahnih ah tlamtlin lonak a ngeimi double mutants nih wild-type C. jejuni strains he tahchunh tikah broiler chicken ah cecal colonization rate a zorter (140, 141). Zeitluk tiang dah lenglei formic acid chapnak nih ar chung i C. jejuni nih pawpi chung ah a ummi hna kha a hnorsuan hna ti cu a fiang rih lo. A taktak ah pawpi chung formate tlawmtam cu a dang pawpi chung bacteria nih formate catabolism ruangah asiloah pawpi chunglei lam cunglei ah formate laknak ruangah a niam deuh kho, cucaah thil dangdang tampi nih a thlen khawh. Cun, formate cu pawpi chung bacteria cheukhat nih an chuahmi a si khomi rawlchuannak thilri a si, cu nih cun pawpi chung formate zat dihlak kha a thlen khawh. Pawpi chung thilri chung i formate zat tuaktannak le metagenomics hmangin formate dehydrogenase genes hngalh khawhnak nih formate a chuahtertu thilnung hme tete hna an ecology kong cheukhat kha a fianter khawh.
Roth le a dangdang. (142) nih ar pawl kha antibiotic enrofloxacin asiloah formic, acetic, le propionic acids cawhmi rawl peknak nih antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli a karh ning a tahchunh. A dihlak le antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates cu ni 1 a simi ar ar hna i an ek fonhmi zunthlum sample le ni 14 le ni 38 a simi ar hna i an cecal content sample ah an rel hna. E. coli isolates cu antibiotic pakhat cio caah a hlan ah khiahmi breakpoint ning in ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, le tetracycline doh khawhnak caah hneksaknak an tuah hna. E. coli phun cio kha an tah i an sining an langhter tikah, enrofloxacin siseh, acid cocktail chapnak siseh, ni 17 le ni 28 a simi broiler ar hna i an ceca chungin thleidanmi E. coli zat dihlak kha a thlen lo. Enrofloxacin chapmi rawl pekmi vate hna cu ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, le tetracycline-resistant E. coli an karh i ceca ah cefotaxime-resistant E. coli an zor. Cocktail pekmi va hna nih ceca ah ampicillin- le tetracycline-a tei khomi E. coli an zorter, control le enrofloxacin-a chapmi va hna he tahchunh tikah. Cawhmi acid pekmi va hna zong nih enrofloxacin pekmi va hna he tahchunh tikah cecum chung i ciprofloxacin- le sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli an zorter. E. coli dihlak tlawmter loin acid nih antibiotic-resistant E. coli tlawmternak lam cu a fiang rih lo. Sihmanhsehlaw, Roth le a hawile nih an tuahmi hlathlainak nih a chuahpimi cu. enrofloxacin phu he aa tlak. (142) Hihi E. coli ah antibiotic doh khawhnak genes karhternak a zornak a langhtertu a si kho, cu hna cu Cabezon le a hawile nih an langhtermi plasmid-linked inhibitors bantuk an si. (143). Formic acid tibantuk rawl chapmi a um tikah ar pawl i an pawpi chung i a ummi plasmid-mediated antibiotic doh khawhnak kong kha thukpi in hlathlainak tuah le pawpi chung i an doh khawhnak kha tuaktannak in hi hlathlainak hi remh chinchin cu a nuam lai.
Zawtnak rungrul dohnak ah a ttha bikmi antimicrobial rawl chapmi sernak nih a ttha bikmi cu pawpi chung thilnung vialte cungah tlawmte lawng hnahnawhnak a pek awk a si, a hleiin inntek caah a ttha tiah ruahmi microbiota cungah. Sihmanhsehlaw, lenglei in pekmi organic acid nih a ummi pawpi chung microbiota cungah chiatnak a chuahpi khawh i zawtnak rungrul dohnak ah an kilvennak thilri kha a cheu tiang a hrawh khawh. Tahchunhnak ah, Thompson le Hinton (129) nih formic le propionic acid cawhmi rawl a pekmi ar hna ah thlaici lactic acid a zormi an hmuh, cu nih cun thlaici chungah hi exogenous organic acids a ummi nih thlaici lactobacilli a zorter tiah ruahnak a pek. Thlaici cinmi lactobacilli cu Salmonella caah dawnkhantu ah ruah an si, cucaah hi a ummi cinmi microbiota hrawhnak nih hin pawpi chung Salmonella colonization hlawhtling tein zorternak caah a chiatnak a chuahpi kho (144). Açıkgöz le a dangdang. vate hna i an pawpi le an pawpi a niam deuhmi hnahnawhnak cu a niam deuh kho ti kha an hmuh. (145) Formic acid he acid cawhmi ti a dinmi ni 42 a simi broiler ar hna i an pawpi chung thingram dihlak asiloah Escherichia coli zat ah thleidannak pakhat hmanh hmuh a si lo. Catialtu hna nih cun hi thil hi formate cu a cunglei pawpi chung ah a thlen caah a si kho men tiah ruahnak an pek, cucu a dang hlathlaitu hna nih exogenously administered short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (128, 129) he an hmuh cang.
Formic acid kha encapsulation phunkhat in kilvennak nih a tanglei pawpi lam tiang a phanh khawh. (146) nih a langhter ning ahcun, microencapsulated formic acid nih vok cecum chung i a dihlak in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) dat kha a karhter ngaingai, a kilven lomi formic acid pekmi vok he tahchunh tikah. Hi hmuhmi nih hin caṭialtu hna kha formic acid cu ṭha tein kilven a si ahcun a tanglei pawpi lam ah ṭha tein a phan kho tiah ruahnak a cheuh hna. Sihmanhsehlaw, a dang tahfung cheukhat, formate le lactate tlawmtam tibantuk hna cu, control rawl pekmi vok nakin a sang deuh ko nain, kilven lomi formate rawl pekmi vok he tahfung ning in aa dang lo. Vok pawl cu kilven lomi le kilvenmi formic acid pahnih in an pek hna i lactic acid ah a let thum dengmang a karh ko nain, lactobacilli zat cu thlopnak pahnih nih a thlen lo. Aa dannak cu cecum chung i a dang lactic acid a chuahtertu thilnung hme tete caah a lang deuh men lai (1) cu hna cu hi lam hna nih an hmuh khawh hna lo i/asiloah (2) an metabolic cawlcanghnak a hnorsuan hna, cucaah a ummi lactobacilli nih lactic acid tam deuh an chuahter khawh nakhnga rawl cawhnak phunglam kha a thlen.
Loram saram hna i an pawpi cung ah rawl chapmi nih a chuahpimi thil kha a dikthliar deuh in hlathlainak tuah awkah, a sang deuhmi thleidan khawhnak lam hna kha a herh. A luancia kum tlawmpal ah khan, 16S RNA gene i a hnu chan zulhphung (NGS) cu microbiome taxa hngalh khawhnak le microbial community phunphun tahchunhnak caah hman a si (147), cu nih cun rawl ah cawhmi thilri le ar tibantuk saram hna i an pawpi chung microbiota karlak pehtlaihnak kong hngalhthiamnak ttha deuh a pek.
Hlathlainak zeimawzat nih ar pawpi chung microbiome nih formate chapnak a lehrulh ning zohfelnak caah microbiome sequencing an hman. Oakley le a dangdang. (148) nih ni 42 a simi broiler ar pawl cung ah an dinmi ti asiloah rawl ah formic acid, propionic acid le medium-chain fatty acid phunphun fonh in hlathlainak an tuah. Zawtnak khamnak sii pekmi ar pawl cu nalidixic acid a tei khomi Salmonella typhimurium phun in an hneksak hna i an ceca cu ni 0, 7, 21, le 42 an si ah an chuah hna. Cecal sample pawl cu 454 pyrosequencing caah timhtuahnak an ngei i tthennak le aa lawhnak tahchunhnak caah sequencing hmuhmi cu an zohfel. A dihlak in, thlopnak nih cecal microbiome asiloah S. Typhimurium dat kha a hnorsuan tuk lo. Sihmanhsehlaw, a dihlak in Salmonella hmuh khawhnak rate cu vate an tar deuhdeuh tikah a zor deuhdeuh, cucu microbiome taxonomic hlathlainak nih a fehter, cun Salmonella sequences a tamnak zong caan a hung rauh deuhdeuh tikah a zor deuhdeuh. Catialtu hna nih an langhter ning ahcun, arfi pawl an tar tikah, cecal microbial milu phunphun an karh, thlopnak phu vialte ah pawpi chung thingram ah a biapi bikmi thlennak hmuh a si. Nai ah hlathlainak an tuahmi ah, Hu et al. (149) nih ti dinnak le organic acid (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, le ammonium formate) le virginiamycin cawhmi he cawhmi rawl peknak nih a chuahpimi thil kha a tthen hnih (ni 1-21 le ni 2-24) ah lakmi saram ar hna chungin cecal microbiome sample cung ah a tahchunh. Ni 21 tlinnak ah thlopnak phu hna lakah cecal microbiome phunphun ah thleidannak cheukhat hmuh a si ko nain, ni 42 ah α- asiloah β-bacteria phunphun ah thleidannak pakhat hmanh hmuh a si lo. Ni 42 a si ah aa dannak a um lo caah, catialtu hna nih tthanchonak tthatnak cu a ttha bikmi aa dangmi microbiome dirh hmasa ruangah a si kho men tiah an ruah.
Cecal microbial community lawng ah aa hngatmi microbiome hlathlainak nih rawl chung organic acid nih a chuahpimi thil tam deuh cu pawpi chung ah khoika ah dah a cang ti kha a langhter kho men lo. Hume le a hawile nih an hmuhmi nih a langhter bantukin, broiler ar pawl i an pawpi chungril cunglei microbiome cu rawl chung i a ummi thilnung acid nih a chuahpimi thil sining ah a tuar khawh deuh men lai. (128). Hume le a dangdang. (128) nih a langhter ning ahcun, a lenglei in chapmi propionate tam deuh cu va hna i an pawpi cunglei ah a lut. Naite ah pawpi chung thilnung hme tete hna sining kong hlathlainak zong nih hi ruahnak hi a dirpi. Nava le a dangdang. (150) nih a langhter ning ahcun, organic acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, le propionic acid (HFP) cawhmi nih pawpi microbiota a hnorsuan i ar ileum ah Lactobacillus colonization a karhter. Nai ah, Goodarzi Borojeni le a hawile. (150) nih organic acid cawhmi [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, le propionic acid (HFP) fonhmi nih ar ileum ah Lactobacillus colonization a karhter ti kha a langhter. (151) nih broiler ar pawl kha ni 35 chung (0.75% le 1.50%) tlukruannak pahnih (0.75% le 1.50%) in rawl peknak kong an hlathlai. Hneksaknak a donghnak ah, thlaici, pawpi, a hlatnak ileum cheuthum cheu hnih, le cecum cu an chuah hna i RT-PCR hmangin a bik in pawpi chung thingram le metabolites hna kha zatlang hlathlainak caah sample an lak hna. Nunphung ah, organic acid tlawmtam nih Lactobacillus asiloah Bifidobacterium tamnak kha a hnorsuan lo, asinain Clostridium tamnak kha a karhter. Ileum ah, thlennak cu Lactobacillus le Enterobacter a zor lawng a si, cu lioah cecum ahcun hi thingram hna hi an i thleng lo (151). Organic acid chapnak a sang bik ah, thlaici chung i lactic acid dihlak (D le L) cu a zor, organic acid pahnih hna cu gizzard ah a zor, cun cecum ah organic acid tlawm deuh. Ileum ah thlennak a um lo. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) he pehtlai in, organic acids pekmi va hna i an cinmi le an pawpi ah thlennak pakhat lawng a ummi cu propionate level ah a si. Organic acid tlawm deuh pekmi va hna nih cinmi ah propionate a let hra hrawng a karh, cu lioah organic acid tlawm deuh pekmi va hna nih cun an hngawng ah propionate a let riat le let hleinga a karh. Ileum chung i acetate a karhmi cu a let hnih nak tlawm deuh a si. A dihlak in, hi data nih hin lenglei organic acid hmannak nih a chuahpimi thil tam deuh cu cinmi ah a lang timi ruahnak kha a dirpi, cu lioah organic acid nih cun a tanglei pawpi chung ummi microbial community cungah hnahnawhnak tlawmte lawng a ngei, cu nih cun a cunglei pawpi chung ummi thingram hna i an cawhnak phunglam cu aa thlengmi a si kho men tiah a langhter.
Fiang tein, pawpi chung vialte ah a ummi microbial lehrulhnak hna kha tling tein fianternak caah microbiome sining thukpi deuh in hngalh a herh. A hleiin pawpi chung tthen cheukhat, a bik in thlaici tibantuk a cunglei tthen hna i microbial thleidannak kong thukpi in hlathlainak nih thilnung hme tete phu cheukhat thimnak kongah theihhngalhnak a kan pek khawh. An metabolic le enzymatic cawlcanghnak nih hin pawpi chung a lutmi zawtnak rungrul he pehtlaihnak an ngeih le ngeih lo zong a khiah khawh. Va hna an nunchung ah acid a ngeimi chemical chapmi hna he i tonnak nih “acid a tuar khomi” a ummi bacteria tam deuh a thim hna maw ti hngalh khawhnak ding caah metagenomic hlathlainak tuah zong a nuam lai, cun hi bacteria hna an um le/asiloah an i thlennak nih hin zawtnak rungrul laknak caah dawnkhantu a si lai maw ti hngalh khawhnak ding caah metagenomic hlathlainak tuah zong a nuam lai.
Formic acid cu saram rawl ah chemical chapnak le silage acidify ah kum tampi chung hman a si cang. A hmannak bik pakhat cu rawl ah zawtnak rungrul tlawmternak le vate hna an pawpi chung ah an um khawhnak ding caah a rungrul dohnak riantuannak a si. In vitro hlathlainak nih formic acid cu Salmonella le a dang zawtnak rungrul dohnak ah a ttha ngaimi rungrul thahnak sii a si ti a langhter. Sihmanhsehlaw, rawlchuannak matrices ah formic acid hmannak cu rawlchuannak thilri chung i organic thilri a tam tuk caah le an kham khawhnak nih a kham khawh. Formic acid cu rawl asiloah dinmi ti in ei tikah Salmonella le a dang zawtnak rungrul hna cungah ralchanhnak a ngeimi a lo. Sihmanhsehlaw, hi ralchanhnak hi a bik in a cunglei pawpi lam ah a cang, zeicahtiah formic acid tlawmtam cu a tanglei pawpi lam ah a zor kho, propionic acid bantuk in. Encapsulation hmangin formic acid kilvennak ruahnak nih hin a tanglei pawpi ah acid tam deuh kuat khawhnak lam a chuahpi. Cun, hlathlainak nih a langhter ning ahcun, acid pakhat lawng peknak nakin organic acid cawhmi nih ar riantuan ning a tthanchoter deuh (152). Pawpi chung i a ummi Campylobacter nih formate kha a dang tein a lehrulh khawh, zeicahtiah formate kha electron petu ah a hman khawh, cun formate cu a thazaang hrampi a si. Pawpi chung i formate tlawmternak nih Campylobacter caah thathnemnak a chuahpi lai maw ti cu a fiang lo, cun formate kha substrate ah a hmang khomi pawpi chung thingram dang cungah aa hngatmi a si kho men lo.
Pawpi chung ummi formic acid nih zawtnak a chuahter lomi pawpi chung ummi microbes cung ah a chuahpimi thil sining hlathlainak tuah chap a herh. Inn ngeitu caah thathnemnak a ngeimi pawpi chung microbiome chungtel pawl hnahnawhnak pe loin zawtnak rungrul pawl kha thim tein target tuah kan duh deuh. Sihmanhsehlaw, mah nih hin hi pawpi chung ummi microbial community hna i an microbiome sequence kha thukpi in hlathlainak tuah a herh. Formic acid in thlopmi va hna i an cecal microbiome kongah hlathlainak cheukhat chuah a si ko nain, a cunglei pawfah chung i a ummi microbiome pawl kha biapi deuh in ruah a herh. Formic acid a um le um lo ah pawpi chung i a ummi thilnung hme tete hngalh khawhnak le pawpi chung thilnung hme tete hna karlak i aa lawhnak tahchunhnak cu a tling lomi fianternak a si kho men. A dang hlathlainak, metabolomics le metagenomics telh in, aa khatmi phu hna karlak ah riantuannak aa dannak hna kha langhter awkah a herh. Cu bantuk sining langhternak cu pawpi chung i a ummi thilnung hme tete bu le va hna nih formic acid-based tthanchotertu hna an lehrulhnak karlak pehtlaihnak sernak caah a biapi tukmi a si. Pawpi riantuannak kha a dikthliar deuh in langhter khawhnak ding caah lam phunphun fonh ahcun a ttha deuhmi organic acid chapnak strategy ser khawh a si lai i a donghnak ah rawl himnak ttihnung a zorter lio ah a ttha bikmi va ngandamnak le riantuan ning chimchungnak kha a tthanchoter lai.
SR nih DD le KR bawmhnak in hi zohfelnak hi a tial. Catialtu vialte nih hi zohfelnak ah langhtermi rian ah bawmhnak tampi an pek.
Catialtu hna nih hi zohfelnak nih hin Anitox Corporation sin in hi zohfelnak tialnak le chuahnak thawk dingin bawmhnak a hmuh tiah an thanh. Phaisa bawmtu hna nih hi zohfelnak capar ah langhtermi hmuhning le biachahnak hna le chuah ding biakhiahnak ah huham an ngei lo.
A dang catialtu hna nih hlathlainak cu chawlehnak le phaisa lei pehtlaihnak a um lonak hmun ah tuahmi a si tiah an thanh.
Dr. DD nih University of Arkansas Graduate Sianginn in Distinguished Teaching Fellowship in bawmhnak a pek hna, cun University of Arkansas Cell le Molecular Biology Program le Department of Food Sciences in a pehzulhmi bawmhnak zong a cohlan. Cun, catialtu hna nih hi zohfelnak tialnak ah a hramthawk bawmhnak a petu Anitox cungah lawmhnak an ngei.
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