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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) nih minung pum cungah pumsa lei le zawtnak lei thlennak phunphun a ngei. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) cu nunnak lei hneksaknak ah H2S nih a chuahpimi thil sining thlennak caah sii lei thilri pakhat in tam deuh in hman a si. NaHS cawhnuk chungin H2S tlau cu minutes tlawmpal lawng a rau ko nain, NaHS cawhnuk cu saram hlathlainak cheukhat ah dinmi ti chung i H2S caah bawmchantu thilri ah hman a si. Hi hlathlainak nih hin catialtu cheukhat nih an chim bantuk in, rat/mouse thawl chungah timhmi NaHS 30 μM a ngeimi dinmi ti cu a tlawmbik suimilam 12-24 chung a hmun kho lai maw ti kha a hlathlai. Din awk ti ah NaHS (30 μM) cawhmi cawhmi kha timhtuah law vok/vok ti thawl chungah rawn colh. Ti thawl cunglei le a chunglei in 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 le 24 suimilam ah methylene blue phunglam hmangin sulfide dat tahnak caah sample pawl an lak hna. Cun, pa le nu vok pawl cu NaHS (30 μM) in zarh hnih chung an chunh hna i zarh khatnak le zarh hnihnak donghnak ah ni hnih dan ah serum sulfide dat an tah hna. Ti thawl cunglei in hmuhmi sample chung i NaHS cawhmi cu a fek lo; suimilam 12 le 24 hnu ah 72% le 75% in a zor. Ti thawl chungin hmuhmi sample ah, NaHS a zornak cu suimilam 2 chungah a lang lo; sihmanhsehlaw, suimilam 12 le 24 hnu ah 47% le 72% in a zor. NaHS thunnak nih pa le nu vok hna i an thi chung sulfide dat kha a hnorsuan lo. A donghnak ah, dinmi ti in sermi NaHS cawhmi cu H2S bawmhnak caah hman ding a si lo, zeicahtiah cawhmi cu a fek lo. Hi uknak lam nih hin saram pawl kha aa tlak lomi le ruahnak nakin a tlawm deuhmi NaHS a pek hna lai.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) cu 1700 thawk khan rungrul ah hman a si cang; sihmanhsehlaw, a chunglei in a chuakmi biosignaling molecule pakhat dirhmun in a si khomi rian cu Abe le Kimura nih 1996 ah an rak langhter. A luancia kum hra chung ah, minung system phunphun ah H2S riantuannak tampi an rak langhter cang, cu nih cun H2S bawmchantu molecule hna nih zawtnak cheukhat thlopnak le zohkhenhnak ah sii lei hmannak an ngei kho ti hngalh khawhnak a chuahter; Chirino le a hawile zoh. naite zohfelnak caah.
Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) cu cell cinnak le saram hlathlainak tampi ah H2S nih a chuahpimi thil sining tuaktannak caah sii lei thilri pakhat in tampi hman a si5,6,7,8. Sihmanhsehlaw, NaHS cu H2S petu tha bik a si lo, zeicahtiah a cawhmi ah H2S/HS- ah rang tukin aa thleng, polysulfides in fawi tein a thurhnawmh, cun fawi tein a rawk i a rawkral4,9. Biological hneksaknak tampi ah, NaHS cu ti ah a cawh, cu nih cun H2S10,11,12 a chuahter i a tlau, H2S11,12,13 a mah tein a rawk, cun photolysis14 a chuahter. H2S11 a tthawnnak ruangah a hramthawk cawhmi chung i sulfide cu rang tukin a tlau. A ongmi bawm chungah, H2S a nunnak cheukhat (t1/2) cu minutes 5 hrawng a si, cun a tlawmtam cu minutes pakhat ah 13% hrawng in a zor10. NaHS cawhmi chungin hydrogen sulfide tlau cu minutes tlawmpal lawng a rau ko nain, saram hlathlainak cheukhat nih NaHS cawhmi kha dinmi ti ah hydrogen sulfide hrampi ah zarh 1-21 chung an hman, NaHS aa telmi cawhmi kha suimilam 12-24 hnu hnu ah an thlen. tuahsernak cu scientific hlathlainak phunglam he aa tlak lo, zeicahtiah sii tlawmtam cu saram phun dang, a hlei in minung ah hmannak cungah hram bunh in tuah ding a si.27
Biomedicine ah sii lei hlathlainak nih mizaw zohkhenhnak asiloah thlopnak a phichuak tthanchoter aa tinh. Sihmanhsehlaw, saram kong hlathlainak tam deuh a phichuak cu minung ah an leh rih lo28,29,30. Hi lehnak a tlamtlin lonak a ruang pakhat cu saram hlathlainak hna i an tuahning tthatnak ah lungthin peknak a um lo caah a si30. Cucaah, hi hlathlainak nih aa tinhmi cu 30 μM NaHS cawhnuk cu rat/mouse ti thawl chung ah timhmi a si i, hlathlainak cheukhat nih an chimmi asiloah an ruahnak an pekmi bantukin, dinmi ti chungah 12-24 h chung a hmun kho maw timi hlathlainak tuah a si.
Hi hlathlainak ah hneksaknak vialte cu Iran ram ah laboratory saram zohkhenhnak le hmannak caah chuahmi lamhruainak ningin tuah a si31. Hi hlathlainak ah hneksaknak report vialte zong nih ARRIVE lamhruainak32 kha an zulh. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Sciences Institute i Ethics Committee nih hi hlathlainak ah hneksaknak tuah ningcang vialte kha a cohlan.
Zinc acetate dihydrate (CAS: 5970-45-6) le anhydrous ferric chloride (CAS: 7705-08-0) cu Biochem, Chemopahrama (Cosne-sur-Loire, France) in cawk an si. Sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (CAS: 207683-19-0) le N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) (CAS: 535-47-0) cu Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) in cawk an si. Isoflurane cu Piramal (Bethlehem, PA, USA) in cawkmi a si. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) cu Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) in cawkmi a si.
Din awk ti ah NaHS (30 μM) cawhmi cawhmi kha timhtuah law vok/vok ti thawl chungah rawn colh. Hi tlawmtam cu NaHS kha H2S hrampi ah hmangin chuahmi cauk tampi cungah hram bunh in thim a si; Biaruahnak timi ṭhen kha zoh. NaHS cu ti a tlawmmi molecule a si i ti tlawmtam aa dangmi ti (cucu, NaHS•xH2O) aa tel kho; sertu nih a chim ning ahcun, kan hlathlainak ah hmanmi NaHS zatuak cu 70.7% (cucu, NaHS•1.3 H2O) a si, cun hi man hi kan tuaktannak ah kan lak, cuka ahcun 56.06 g/mol timi molecule rit kan hman, cucu ti um lomi NaHS molecule rit a si. Ti dinnak (ti ti tiah auhmi zong a si) cu ti molecule nih crystalline sining a sertu a si33. Hydrates nih hin anhydrates he tahchunh tikah an pumsa le lum le lum lo thlennak sining aa dangmi an ngei34.
Dinmi ti ah NaHS na cawh hlanah, cawhmi thilri pH le lumnak kha tah. Saram chiahnak kuang chung i zu/vok ti thawl chungah NaHS cawhmi kha rawn colh. Sulfide dat tahnak caah 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, le 24 h ah ti thawl chung le a cunglei in sample pawl an lak hna. Sulfide tahnak cu sample lak hnu paoh ah lak colh a si. Tube cunglei in sample kan lak, zeicahtiah hlathlainak cheukhat nih ti tube i a hmete mi pore size nih H2S evaporation a zorter khawh ti kha a langhter15,19. Hi kong hi thawl chung i a ummi sii zong ah aa tel ve ko. Sihmanhsehlaw, ti thawl hngawng i a ummi cawhnuk caah cun cu bantuk cu a si lo, cu cu ti lumternak rate a sang deuh i amah tein a rawkmi a si; a ngaingai ti ahcun, saram nih hi ti hi an din hmasa.
Hlathlainak ah Wistar vok pa le nu an hman hna. Zu pawl cu polypropylene kuang (kuang pakhat ah zu 2-3) ah a ttha mi thil sining (lumnak 21-26 °C, lumnak 32-40%) tangah 12 h ceunak (zinglei 7 in zanlei 7 tiang) le muihnak 12 h (zanlei 7 in zinglei 7 tiang) he an chiah hna. Zuu pawl cu ti kholhnak ti kha zalong tein an hmuh khawh i rawl ttha (Khorak Dam Pars Company, Tehran, Iran) in an pek hna. Kum aa tlukmi (thla 6) nu (n=10, pum rit: 190-230 g) le pa (n=10, pum rit: 320-370 g) Wistar vok pawl cu control le NaHS (30 μM) in thlopmi phu (n=5 phu khat ah) ah an i tthen. Sample zat hngalh khawhnak ding caah, KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) lam kha kan hman, mah nih hin hlan hmuhtonnak le thazaang hlathlainak35 a fonh. A hmasa bik ah vok 3 cung ah hneksaknak hlathlainak kan tuah i a tlangpi in serum dihlak sulfide level le standard deviation (8.1 ± 0.81 μM) kha kan tuak. Cun, 80% thazaang ruah in le kaphnih 5% sullam ngeihnak tlukruannak ruah in, a hmasa bik sample zat (n = 5 hlan cauk cung ah hram bunh in) kha kan tuak i cucu Festing nih hneksaknak saram hna sample zat tuaknak caah a hlankan in a khiahmi man he aa tlakmi 2.02 tlukruannak zat he aa tlak. Hi man hi SD (2.02 × 0.81) in karhter hnu ah, hmuh khawhmi thlennak ngan (1.6 μM) cu 20% a si, cucu cohlan khawh a si. A sullam cu n = 5/group cu phu karlak ah 20% tluk thlennak hmuh khawhnak caah a za tinak a si. Excel software 36 (Supplementary Fig. 1) i random function hmangin vok pawl cu control le NaSH-treated phu ah an i tthen hna. Mitcawnak cu a phichuak tlukruannak ah tuah a si, cun biochemical tahnak a tuahtu hlathlaitu hna nih phu rian pekmi kong kha an hngal lo.
Nu le pa pahnih NaHS phu hna cu zarh 2 chung dinmi ti ah timhmi 30 μM NaHS cawhnuk in an thlop hna; Suimilam 24 hnu 24 ah a thar in cawhmi cawhnuk pek a si, cu caan chung ah pum rit kha tah a si. Zarh khatnak le zarhhnihnak a dih tikah ni hnih dan ah isoflurane hngilhternak tangah vok vialte hna an hngawng cung in thisen sample an lak hna. Thisen zohchunhmi hna cu 3000 g ah minutes 10 chung an thlet hna, thi cu tthen an si i –80°C ah chiah an si i a hnu ah thi urea, creatinine (Cr), le sulfide dihlak tahnak caah chiah an si. Serum urea cu enzymatic urease phunglam in tuak a si, cun serum creatinine cu chawlehnak ah hmuh khawhmi thilri (Man Company, Tehran, Iran) le automatic analyzer (Selectra E, serial number 0-2124, The Netherlands) hmangin photometric Jaffe phunglam in tuak a si. Urea le Cr caah intra- le interassay thlennak coefficients cu 2.5% nak tlawm deuh an si.
Methylene blue (MB) phunglam cu dinmi ti le NaHS aa telmi thi chung i sulfide dihlak tahnak caah hman a si; MB cu a tammi cawhnuk le thilnung zohchunhmi ah sulfide tahnak caah hman bikmi lam a si11,37. MB phunglam cu sulfide pool38 dihlak tuaktannak caah hman khawh a si i ti chung i H2S, HS- le S2 phun in a nung lomi sulfides tah khawh a si39. Hi lam ah hin, sulfur cu zinc acetate11,38 a um lio ah zinc sulfide (ZnS) ah a ttum. Zinc acetate thletnak cu chromophores dang hna he sulfides thleidannak caah hman bikmi lam a si11. ZnS cu HCl11 hmangin a tthawngmi acidic dirhmun tangah a cawh tthan. Sulfide cu DMPD he 1:2 stoichiometric ratio in ferric chloride (Fe3+ nih oxidizing agent rian a ttuan) nih a chuahtermi pehtlaihnak ah aa pehtlaih i MB timi rong a ser, cucu 670 nm40,41 ah spectrophotometrically in hmuh khawh a si. MB phunglam hmuh khawhnak ri cu 1 μM11 hrawng a si.
Hi hlathlainak ah, sample pakhat cio (cawhmi asiloah thi) 100 μL cu tube ah an cawh; cun 200 μL zinc acetate (1% w/v in distilled water), 100 μL of DMPD (20 mM in 7.2 M HCl), le 133 μL of FeCl3 (30 mM in 1.2 M HCl) an chap. Cawhmi cu 37°C ah muilak ah minutes 30 chung chiah a si. Cu cawhmi cu 10,000 g ah 10 min chung centrifuge tuah a si, cun a cunglei ti a lakmi kha 670 nm ah microplate reader (BioTek, MQX2000R2, Winooski, VT, USA) hmangin rel a si. Sulfide tlawmtam cu ddH2O (Supplementary Fig. 2) chung i NaHS (0-100 μM) tahfung hmangin tuak a si. Tahnak caah hmanmi thilri vialte cu a thar in timhtuahnak an ngei. Sulfide tahnak caah intra- le interassay thlennak coefficients cu 2.8% le 3.4% an si. Cun, sodium thiosulfate aa telmi dinmi ti le serum sample chungin hmuhmi sulfide dihlak zong fortified sample method42 hmangin kan tuak. Sodium thiosulfate aa telmi dinmi ti le thihri sample caah hmuhmi cu 91 ± 1.1% (n = 6) le 93 ± 2.4% (n = 6) an si.
Statistical hlathlainak cu Windows caah GraphPad Prism software version 8.0.2 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA, www.graphpad.com) hmangin tuah a si. NaHS chap hlan le chap hnu ah dinmi ti lum le lum lo tahchunhnak caah t-test pahnih hman a si. NaHS aa telmi cawhnuk chung i H2S a tlaunak cu a hramthawk laknak in zatuak tlawmternak in tuak a si, cun a tlaunak cu tahfung ning in a biapi maw ti tuaktan awkah, lam khatlei in tahnak ANOVA kan tuah i cu hnu ah Dunnett's multiple comparison test kan tuah. Caan saupi chung pum rit, thi urea, thi creatinine, le thi chung sulfide dihlak cu control le NaHS-thlopmi nu le pa aa dangmi vok hna karlak ah lam hnih cawhmi (chunglei-chunglei) ANOVA hmangin an tahchunh hna i cu hnu ah Bonferroni post hoc test an tuah. Two-tailed P values ​​< 0.05 cu statistics in a biapi tiah ruah an si.
NaHS chap hlan ah dinmi ti pH cu 7.60 ± 0.01 a si i NaHS chap hnu ah 7.71 ± 0.03 a si (n = 13, p = 0.0029). NaHS chap hnu ah dinmi ti lumnak cu 26.5 ± 0.2 a si i 26.2 ± 0.2 tiang a zor (n = 13, p = 0.0128). Din awk ti ah 30 μM NaHS cawhnuk kha timhtuah law ti thawl chungah chiah. NaHS cawhmi cu a fek lo i caan a hung rauh deuh tikah a tlawm deuh. Ti thawl hngawng in sample lak tikah, suimilam pakhatnak chungah a tlawm deuhmi (68.0%) hmuh a si, cun suimilam 12 le 24 hnu ah ti chung i NaHS dat cu 72% le 75% in a zor. Ti thawl chungin hmuhmi sample ah, NaHS a zornak cu suimilam 2 tiang a lang lo, asinain suimilam 12 le 24 hnu ah 47% le 72% in a zor. Hi data nih a langhter mi cu dinti ah timhmi 30 μM cawhnuk chung i NaHS zat cu suimilam 24 hnu ah a hramthawk man cheu li cheu khat tluk ah a zor, sample laknak hmun zei a si hmanh ah (Figure 1).
Zu/zuk thawl chung i dinmi ti chung i NaHS cawhmi (30 μM) a fekmi. Ti cawhmi timhtuahnak hnu ah, ti thawl cunglei le a chunglei in sample an lak. Data cu a tlangpi ± SD (n = 6/bu) in langhter a si. * le #, P < 0.05 caan 0 he tahchunh tikah. Ti thawl hmanthlak nih a cunglei (a ongmi) le thawl pum kha a langhter. A cunglei zat cu 740 μL hrawng a si.
A thar in timhtuahnak 30 μM cawhmi ah NaHS a tlawm le tam cu 30.3 ± 0.4 μM (range: 28.7–31.9 μM, n = 12) a si. Sihmanhsehlaw, suimilam 24 hnu ah, NaHS tlawmtam cu a niam deuhmi man ah a zor (a tlangpi in: 3.0 ± 0.6 μM). Figure 2 ah hmuh khawhmi bantuk in, vok pawl nih an tonmi NaHS tlawmtam cu hlathlainak tuah lio caan chungah aa khat lo.
Nu vok hna an pum rit cu caan a hung rauh deuh tikah a karh ngaingai (control phu ah 205.2 ± 5.2 g in 213.8 ± 7.0 g tiang le NaHS-thlopmi phu ah 204.0 ± 8.6 g in 211.8 ± 7.5 g tiang); sihmanhsehlaw, NaHS thlopnak nih pum rit cungah zeihmanh huham a ngei lo (Fig. 3). Caan a hung rauh deuh tikah vok pa hna an pum rit cu a karh ngaingai (control phu ah 338.6 ± 8.3 g in 352.4 ± 6.0 g tiang le NaHS-thlopmi phu ah 352.4 ± 5.9 g in 363.2 ± 4.3 g tiang); sihmanhsehlaw, NaHS thlopnak nih pum rit cungah zeihmanh huham a ngei lo (Fig. 3).
NaHS (30 μM) pek hnu ah nu le pa vok hna an pum rit thlennak. Data cu a tlangpi ± SEM in langhter a si i Bonferroni post hoc hneksaknak he lam hnih cawhmi (a karlak) thleidannak hmangin tahchunh a si. phu pakhat cio ah nu le pa sinak pakhat cio in n = 5.
Serum urea le creatine phosphate tlawmtam cu control le NaSH-thlopmi vok hna ah hlathlainak chung vialte ah aa tluk. Cun, NaSH thlopnak nih serum urea le creatinechrome tlawmtam kha a hnorsuan lo (Table 1).
Baseline serum total sulfide tlawmtam cu control le NaHS-thlopmi pa (8.1 ± 0.5 μM vs. 9.3 ± 0.2 μM) le nu (9.1 ± 1.0 μM vs. 6.1 ± 1.1 μM) zu hna karlak ah aa tluk. Ni 14 chung NaHS peknak nih pa le nu vok hna i an thi chung sulfide dat cungah zeihmanh thlennak a chuahpi lo (Fig. 4).
NaHS (30 μM) pek hnu ah pa le nu vok hna i an thi chung sulfide dihlak thlennak. Data cu a tlangpi ± SEM in langhter a si i Bonferroni post hoc hneksaknak he lam hnih cawhmi (chunglei-chunglei) thleidannak hlathlainak hmangin tahchunh a si. Nu le pa sinak pakhat cio, n = 5/bu.
Hi hlathlainak i a biapi bikmi biachahnak cu NaHS aa telmi dinmi ti cu a fek lo: a hramthawk ah sulfide dihlak cheu li cheu khat lawng kha rat/mouse ti thawl cunglei le a chunglei in sample lak hnu suimilam 24 ah hmuh khawh a si. Cun, vok pawl cu NaHS cawhmi ah H2S a tlau caah a fek lomi NaHS tlawmtam he an i tong, cun dinmi ti ah NaHS chapnak nih pum rit, serum urea le creatine chromium, asiloah serum sulfide dihlak kha a hnorsuan lo.
Hi hlathlainak ah, dinmi ti ah timhmi 30 μM NaHS cawhnuk in H2S tlaunak rate cu suimilam pakhat ah 3% hrawng a si. Buffered solution (100 μM sodium sulfide in 10 mM PBS, pH 7.4) ah, sulfide tlawmtam cu 8 h11 chung caan karlak ah 7% in a zor tiah report an tuah. NaHS intraperitoneal peknak kha a hlan ah kan rak dirpi cang i dinmi ti chung i 54 μM NaHS cawhmi in sulfide tlaunak rate cu suimilam pakhat ah 2.3% hrawng a si (a hmasa 12 h ah 4%/suimilam le timhtuahnak hnu a donghnak 12 h ah 1.4%/suimilam)8. Hmasa deuh hlathlainak43 nih NaHS cawhnuk chungin H2S a tlau pengmi an hmuh, a bik in a tthawnnak le a tthawnnak ruangah a si. Bubble chap lo hmanh ah, stock cawhmi chung i sulfide cu H2S a tthawnnak ruangah rang tukin a tlau11. Hlathlainak nih a langhter ning ahcun, second 30-60 hrawng a rau mi thlennak tuah lio ah, H2S 5-10% hrawng cu hnimhnak ruangah a tlau6. H2S cu cawhmi chungin a chuah lonak ding caah, hlathlaitu hna nih thil tampi an tuah, cu hna ah cun cawhmi kha nem tein cawh, stock cawhmi kha plastic film6 in khuh, le cawhmi kha thli he a tlawmter, zeicahtiah H2S a chuahnak rate cu thli-ti karlak ah aa hngat.13 H2S a chuahnak a ruang bik cu thir ah aa thlen caah a si. ions, a hlei in ferric iron, cu ti chung i a thurhnawmmi an si.13 H2S oxidation nih polysulfides (covalent bonds in aa pehtlaimi sulfur atoms) a chuahter11. A oxidation hrial khawhnak ding caah, H2S aa telmi cawhnuk pawl cu deoxygen a um lomi thilri ah an timhtuah44,45 cun argon asiloah nitrogen in 20-30 min chung an thianh hna i deoxygenation an tuah khawh. aerobic cawhnuk chung i autoxidation. DTPA a um lo ahcun, HS- i autoxidation rate cu 25°C37,47 ah suimilam 3 hrawng ah 50% hrawng a si. Cun, 1e-sulfide oxidation cu ultraviolet ceunak nih a chuahter caah, a cawhmi cu tikhal cungah chiah a si lai i ceunak in huhphenh a si lai11.
Figure 5 ah hmuh khawhmi bantuk in, NaHS cu ti chungah a cawh tikah Na+ le HS-6 ah aa ṭhen; hi tthencheunak cu thlennak pK1 nih a khiah, cucu lumnak cungah aa hngatmi a si: pK1 = 3.122 + 1132/T, cuka ahcun T cu 5 in 30°C karlak a si i degree Kelvin (K) in tah a si, K = °C + 273.1548. HS- nih pK2 a sang (pK2 = 19), cucaah pH < 96.49 ah, S2- cu a chuak lo asiloah tlawmte lawng a chuak. Cu he aa dang in, HS- cu hrampi bantukin rian a ttuan i H2O molecule chungin H+ a cohlan, cun H2O cu acid bantukin rian a ttuan i H2S le OH- ah aa thleng.
NaHS cawhmi (30 μM) ah a cawhmi H2S gas sernak. aq, ti cawhmi; g, gas; l, ti. Tuaktannak vialte nih ti pH = 7.0 le ti lumnak = 20 °C tiah an ruah. BioRender.com he sermi a si.
NaHS cawhmi cu a fek lomi a si timi tehte a um ko nain, saram hlathlainak zeimawzat nih dinmi ti chung i NaHS cawhmi cu H2S bawmchantu compound15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 ah zarh 1 in 21 karlak riantuannak he an hman (Table 2). Hi hlathlainak hna chungah, NaHS cawhmi cu 12 h, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25 h asiloah 24 h, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 h hnu hnu ah tharchuah a si. Kan hmuhmi nih a langhter mi cu NaHS cawhmi chungin H2S a tlau caah vok pawl cu a fek lomi sii tlawmtam he an i tong, cun vok pawl dinmi ti chung i NaHS dat cu 12 asiloah 24 h chung ah aa thleng ngaingai (Figure 2 zoh). Hi hlathlainak pahnih nih hin ti chung i H2S dat cu 24 h22 chung ah a hmun peng tiah an langhter asiloah 12 h15 chung ah 2-3% H2S sunghnak lawng hmuh a si, asinain bawmtu data le tahnak konglam an pe lo. Hlathlainak pahnih nih ti thawl hmete nih H2S a tlawmter khawh tiah an langhter15,19. Sihmanhsehlaw, kan hmuhmi nih a langhter mi cu ti thawl chungin H2S tlaunak kha 12-24 h si loin 2 h lawng a tlaiter khawh. Hlathlainak pahnih nih dinmi ti chung i NaHS dat cu aa thleng lo tiah kan ruah, zeicahtiah ti chung i rong aa thlengmi kan hmuh lo caah a si tiah an langhter; cucaah, thli nih H2S oxidation a tuahmi cu a biapi lo19,20. Khuaruahhar ngai a simi cu, hi pumpak ruahnak nih hin caan karlak ah a tlawmtam thlennak tahnak nakin ti chung i NaHS a fekmi kha a tuak.
NaHS cawhmi chung i H2S a tlaunak cu pH le lumnak he aa pehtlai. Kan hlathlainak ah langhtermi bantukin, NaHS kha ti chungah cawh tikah alkaline cawhnuk a chuahter50. NaHS cu ti chungah a cawh tikah, a cawhmi H2S gas sernak cu pH man6 cungah aa hngat. A cawhmi pH a niam deuhdeuh tikah, H2S gas molecule bantuk in a ummi NaHS zat a tam deuhdeuh i ti cawhmi chungin sulfide a tlau deuhdeuh11. Hi hlathlainak hna lakah pakhat hmanh nih NaHS caah hmanmi dinmi ti pH kha an langhter lo. Ram tam deuh nih an cohlanmi WHO ruahnak cheuhnak ningin, dinmi ti pH cu 6.5-8.551 karlak ah a um awk a si. Hi pH tlukruannak ah hin, H2S amah tein a chuahnak rate cu a let hra hrawng a karh13. Hi pH tlukruannak ah ti chungah NaHS cawh ahcun H2S gas 1 in 22.5 μM tiang a chuak lai, cucu NaHS cawh hlanah ti pH zohkhenh a biapitnak a langhter. Cun, a cunglei hlathlainak ah langhtermi lumnak tlukruannak (18-26 °C) nih hin 10% hrawng thlennak a chuahter lai, zeicahtiah lumnak thlennak nih pK1 a thlen, cun pK1 thlennak hmete nih a rawkmi H2S gas tlawmtam cungah tampi thlennak a chuahter khawh48. Cun, hlathlainak cheukhat caan sau (thla 5)22, cu chung ah lum le lum lo thlennak nganpi a um lai tiah ruah a si, zong nih hi buainak hi a zualter chin.
One21 ti lo cu hlathlainak vialte nih dinmi ti ah 30 μM NaHS cawhmi an hman. A hmanmi zat (cucu 30 μM) fianternak caah, catialtu cheukhat nih ti chung i NaHS nih H2S gas a tlawmtam tluk tein a chuahter i H2S pumsa lei tlukruannak cu 10 in 100 μM karlak a si, cucaah hi zat hi pumsa lei tthencheunak chung ah a um15,16 tiah an langhter. Midang nih 30 μM NaHS nih plasma H2S level kha pumsa lei tlukruannak chung ah a kilven khawh, ie 5–300 μM19,20 tiah an fianter. Ti chung i NaHS 30 μM (pH = 7.0, T = 20 °C) a tlawm le tam kha kan ruah, cucu H2S nih a chuahpimi thil sining hlathlainak caah hlathlainak cheukhat ah hmanmi a si. A rawkmi H2S gas a tlawmtam cu 14.7 μM a si tiah kan tuak khawh, cucu a hramthawk NaHS tlawmtam 50% hrawng a si. Hi man hi thil sining aa khatmi tangah caṭialtu dang nih an tuakmi man he aa lo13,48.
Kan hlathlainak ah, NaHS peknak nih pum rit kha a thlen lo; hi hmuhmi cu pa vok22,23 le pa vok18 cung i hlathlainak dang hmuhmi he aa tlak; Sihmanhsehlaw, hlathlainak pahnih nih NaSH nih nephrectomised rats ah a zormi pum rit kha a remh ṭhan tiah an langhter24,26, cu lioah hlathlainak dang nih cun NaSH peknak nih pum rit cungah a chuahpimi thil kha an langhter lo15,16,17,19,20,21,25. Cun, kan hlathlainak ah, NaSH peknak nih serum urea le creatine chromium dat a hnorsuan lo, cucu report dang pakhat hmuhmi he aa tlak25.
Hlathlainak nih zarh 2 chung dinmi ti ah NaHS chapnak nih pa le nu vok hna i an thi chung sulfide dihlak kha a hnorsuan lo ti a hmuh. Hi hmuhmi cu Sen le a hawile nih an hmuhmi he aa tlak. (16): Zarh 8 chung dinmi ti ah 30 μM NaHS in thlopnak nih control zunthlum hna i an plasma sulfide dat kha a hnorsuan lo; sihmanhsehlaw, hi thlennak nih hin nephrectomised mice plasma ah a zormi H2S dat kha a remh tthan tiah an thanh. Li le a dangdang. (22) zong nih thla 5 chung dinmi ti ah 30 μM NaHS thlopnak nih tar vok hna ah plasma free sulfide dat kha 26% hrawng in a karhter tiah an thanh. Hlathlainak dang nih dinmi ti ah NaHS chap hnu ah a kalmi sulfide thlennak an langhter lo.
Hlathlainak pasarih nih Sigma NaHS15,16,19,20,21,22,23 hmannak kong an thanh nain ti dinnak kong he pehtlai in a dang tein an chim lo, cun hlathlainak panga nih an timhtuahnak ah hmanmi NaHS a chuahkehnak kong an chim lo17,18,24,25,26. NaHS cu ti a tlawmmi molecule a si i a ti a tlawmmi a tlawmtam aa dang kho, cu nih cun pekmi molarity a ngeimi cawhnuk sernak caah a herhmi NaHS zat kha a hnorsuan. Tahchunhnak ah, kan hlathlainak ah NaHS aa telmi cu NaHS•1.3 H2O a si. Cucaah, hi hlathlainak hna ah NaHS tlawmtam taktak cu report tuahmi nakin a niam deuh men lai.
“Zeitindah caan tawite lawng a nungmi thilri nih caan saupi a hmunmi thil a chuahter khawh?” Pozgay et al.21 nih NaHS nih zunthlum zawtnak a chuahter ning an zohfel tikah hi biahalnak hi an hal. Hmailei hlathlainak nih hi biahalnak hi a leh khawh lai tiah an i ruahchan i NaHS cawhmi ah hin NaHS21 nih a chuahpimi thil a thlentu H2S le disulfides lengah a fekmi polysulfides zong aa tel kho men tiah an ruah. A dang a si khomi cu NaHS tlawmte lawng a tangmi nih tthatnak a chuahpi khawh ve. A ngaingai ti ahcun, Olson le a hawile. thisen chung i H2S micromolar levels cu pumsa lei a si lo i nanomolar tlukruannak ah a um awk a si asiloah a um lo dih awk a si timi tehte a pek13. H2S cu protein sulfation hmangin rian a ttuan kho, cucu thlen khawhmi hnulei thlennak a si i cu nih cun protein tampi riantuannak, dirhmun le hmunhma a hnorsuan52,53,54. A ngaingai ti ahcun, pumsa lei dirhmun tangah, thin protein tampi chungin 10% in 25% karlak cu sulfylated an si53. Hlathlainak pahnih nih NaHS19,23 a rang tuk in a rawhnak kha an cohlan nain khuaruahhar ngai in “nifatin thlennak in dinmi ti chung i NaHS a tlawm le tam kha kan uk” tiah an ti.
A cunglei biaruahnak nih a langhter mi cu NaHS cu a thletmi chungin a tlau, a tthawnnak le a tthawnnak in a tlau, cucaah a tthawnnak in H2S a tlaunak zorternak ding ruahnak cheuhnak cheukhat an tuah. Pakhatnak ah, H2S a chuahnak cu gas-liquid karlak13 le a cawhmi pH11 cungah aa hngat; cucaah, ti lumternak sunghnak tlawmternak caah, ti thawl hngawng cu a hlan ah langhtermi bantuk in a hme khawh chung hmete in tuah khawh a si15,19, cun ti pH kha cohlan khawhmi a cunglei ri (cucu, 6.5–8.551) tiang remh khawh a si i lumternak sunghnak tlawmternak caah11. Pahnihnak ah, H2S a mah tein a rawkmi cu oxygen le dinmi ti chung i thlennak thir ion a um caah a cang13, cucaah dinmi ti kha argon asiloah nitrogen he deoxygen tuahnak44,45 le thir chelators37,47 hmannak nih sulfides a rawhnak kha a zorter khawh. Pathumnak ah, H2S a rawhnak khamnak caah, ti thawl pawl cu aluminium foil in tuam khawh an si; Hi tuahsernak hi ceunak a tuar khomi thilri streptozotocin55 tibantuk zongah a hman. A donghnak ah, inorganic sulfide chiti (NaHS, Na2S, le CaS) cu a hlan ah an rak thanh cang bantuk in dinmi ti ah cawh loin gavage in pek khawh a si56,57,58; hlathlainak nih a langhter ning ahcun vok sinah gavage in pekmi radioactive sodium sulfide cu a ttha tein a lak i tissue vialte ah a phawtzamh59. Nihin tiangah, hlathlainak tam deuh nih cun inorganic sulfide chiti kha paw chung ah an pek hna; sihmanhsehlaw, hi lam hi siizung hmun ah hman a si bal lo60. Khatlei kam in, kaa in dinnak lam cu minung ah a tlangpi bik le duh deuhmi lam a si61. Cucaah, rungrul hna ah H2S bawmtu hna nih an chuahpimi thil kha kaa in thletnak in tuaktan ding in ruahnak kan cheuh hna.
Rikhiahnak pakhat cu MB phunglam hmangin ti cawhmi le thi chung i sulfide kha kan tah. Sulfide tahnak caah hmanmi lam hna cu iodine titration, spectrophotometry, electrochemical lam (potentiometry, amperometry, coulometric lam le amperometric lam) le chromatography (gas chromatography le high-performance liquid chromatography) hna an si, cu hna lakah hman bikmi lam cu MB spectrophotometry lam a si. Biological sample ah H2S tahnak caah MB phunglam i rikhiahnak pakhat cu sulfur aa telmi compound vialte a tah i H2S63 kha a tah lo, zeicahtiah acidic dirhmun tangah tuahmi a si, cu nih cun biological source in sulfur chuah khawhnak a chuahter64. Sihmanhsehlaw, American Zapi Ngandamnak Bu ning in, MB cu ti chung i sulfide tahnak caah hmanmi lam a si65. Cucaah, hi rikhiahnak nih hin NaHS aa telmi thlennak hna i an fek lonak kongah kan hmuhmi a biapi bikmi kha a hnorsuan lo. Cun, kan hlathlainak ah, NaHS aa telmi ti le serum sample ah sulfide tahnak hmuh tthannak cu 91% le 93% an si. Hi man hna hi a hlan ah report tuahmi (77-92)66 he aa tlak, cohlan khawhmi hlathlainak tthatnak a langhter42. Hngalh awk ngai a simi cu, National Institutes of Health (NIH) lamhruainak ningin pa le nu vok pahnih kha sii lei hlathlainak ah pa lawng saram hlathlainak ah i hngatchan tuk lonak ding caah67 le a si khawh chungin pa le nu vok pahnih telh chih ding in kan hman68. Hi kong hi midang nih an langhter cang69,70,71.
A donghnak ah, hi hlathlainak hmuhmi nih dinmi ti in sermi NaHS cawhnuk hna cu an fek lo caah H2S chuahternak caah hman khawh a si lo ti a langhter. Hi uknak lam nih hin saram pawl kha a fek lomi le ruahnak nakin a niam deuhmi NaHS a pek hna lai; cucaah, hmuhmi cu minung caah hman khawh a si lo men lai.
Atu lio hlathlainak chungah hmanmi le/asiloah hlathlainak tuahmi dataset pawl cu aa tlakmi halnak cungah aa pehtlaimi catialtu sin in hmuh khawh a si.
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