Zawtnak nih zawtnak 3 billion hrawng asiloah a tam deuh a hrawh hlan ah, hi thingkung nih hin sipuazi a tthangchomi America sernak ah a bawmh. An tlaumi sunparnak hmuh ṭhan awkah, sermi thil kha kan cohlan i kan remh a hau men lai.
1989 kum zeimawzat ah, Herbert Darling nih phone a hmuh: Saram kawltu pakhat nih New York thlanglei Zor nelrawn ah Darling lo ah American chestnut thingkung sangpi a ton tiah a chimh. Darling nih cun chestnuts cu cuka hmun ah a biapi bikmi thingkung pakhat a rak si ti kha a hngalh. Cun a thi khomi rungrul nih kum zabu pakhat le cheu leng a hrawh diam cang ti zong a hngalh. Sahrang kawltu pa nih a nungmi thinghnah a hmuhnak kong a chimmi a theih tikah, thinghnah hnah cu pe hnih a sau i inn dot nga a phan, a lunghrinh. “Zeidah a si ti a hngalh ko lai tiah ka zum lo,” tiah Darling nih a ti.
Darling nih thingkung a hmuh tikah, tuanbia chung i milem pakhat zoh bantuk a si. Amah nih hitin a ti: “A zohchunhmi thil pakhat ser cu a fiang tuk i a tling tuk-a ṭha tuk.” Asinain Darling zong nih thingkung cu a thi cuahmah ti kha a hmuh. Kum 1900 hramthawk in, cu bantuk zawtnak nih a den ve i, cu bantuk zawtnak ruangah minung 3 billion asiloah a cunglei an thi tiah an ruah. Hihi chanthar tuanbia ah thingkung a hrawh bikmi minung in chawnh khawhmi zawtnak hmasa bik a si. Darling nih cun, cu thingkung cu ka khamh khawh lo ahcun, a thlaici tal cu ka khamh ko lai tiah a ruah. Buainak pakhat lawng a um: thingkung nih zeihmanh a tuah lo, zeicahtiah a pawng ah a thli a chuahter khomi chestnut thingkung dang an um lo.
Darling cu Engineer hmang in buaibainak a tawlreltu a si. A hnu June thla ah, thingkung a hringmi cung ah pangpar sen rang an i thek tikah, Darling nih meithal kuan cu a cawnmi chestnut thingkung dang pa pangpar chungin lakmi meithal kuan in a khahter i chaklei ah a mawngh. Suimilam pakhat le cheu a rau. A hlanmi helicopter in thingkung cu a kah. (Amah nih cun thil mansung cawk khawhnak a hlawh a tlingmi saknak company a hruai.) Hi zuamnak cu a hlawh a tling lo. A hnu kum ah Darling nih aa zuam tthan. Tutan cu, amah le a fapa nih tlang cung i a ummi thinghnah hna sinah tliknak hri cu an hnuh i zarh hnih leng ah pe 80 a sangmi hmunhma an sak. Ka dawtmi cu thinghnah cung ah a kai i pangpar pawl cu chestnut thingkung dang cung i rungrul bantuk pangpar hna he a hnawh hna.
Cu thal ahcun, Darling thingkung hnah nih hling hring in a khuhmi hnah a chuahter. Mah hling hna cu an chak tuk i an hriam tuk caah cacti tiah an ruah sual hna lai. Rawl cinmi a tam lo, hnah 100 hrawng an um, asinain Darling nih tlawmpal a cin i ruahchannak a chiah. Amah le a hawipa nih Syracuse um State University of New York Sianginn pawngkam kong le thingram zohkhenhnak sianginn ah thingkung hrinsor lei mifim Charles Maynard le William Powell zong an chawnh hna (Chuck le Bill cu an thi). Nai ah khan cuka ahcun tangka tlawmte in chestnut hlathlainak rian an thawk. Darling nih chestnut tlawmpal a pek hna i scientist pawl kha an hman khawh hna lai maw tiah a hal hna. Darling nih cun: “Hi thil hi thil lianngan ngai a lo,” tiah a ti. "United States nichuahlei dihlak." Sihmanhsehlaw, kum tlawmpal a rauh hnu ah amah pumpak thingkung cu a thi.
European pawl nih Thlanglei America ah an um hram an thawk hnu in, cu ramlak ramlak kong tuanbia cu a tam deuh cu sunghnak a si. Sihmanhsehlaw, Darling ruahnak cheuhnak cu mi tampi nih tuanbia remh hram thawknak caan tha bik pakhat ah an ruah cang – tukum hramthawk ah khan, Templeton World Charity Foundation nih Maynard le Powell's The project cu a tuanbia tam deuh a pek, cun hi zuamnak nih hin $3 million nak tam a dihmi riantuannak hmete kha a hrawh khawh. University caah pekmi laksawng pakhat lawng a ngan bikmi a si. Geneticist pawl hlathlainak nih pawngkam zohkhenhtu hna kha a thar le a caancaan ah a nuam lomi lam in ruahchannak ton dingin a forh hna, cu cu sermi thil remh cu a rawk lomi Eden dum ah kir tthan tinak a si hrimhrim lo. Cu nakin, kan lakmi rian kha cohlan tinak a si kho men: sermi thil telh in zeizong vialte sertu.
Chestnut thinghnah cu a sau i ha a ngeimi an si, cun thinghnah laifang thihri he aa pehtlaimi a senmi hri hmete pahnih bantuk an si. A donghnak ah, thinghnah pahnih cu hnah he an i pehtlai. A dang donghnak ah, a ttha ngaimi tlang an ser, cucu a kam lei ah a benh tawn. Hi ruahlopi in a cangmi thil nih hin thingram chung i dai tein a ummi a hringmi le thetse ram hna kha a tan hna i, khualtlawngmi hna i an khuaruah a harmi nih mipi lungthin a lak hna, hlan ah a tthawngmi thingkung tampi a rak ummi ramlak chungin an khualtlawnnak kha a hngalhter hna.
Cauk le cinkennak lawnglawng in hi thingkung hna hi tling tein kan hngalh khawh hna lai. American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation i executive director Lucille Griffin nih voikhat cu cuka ahcun chestnut a rum tukmi na hmuh lai tiah a rak tial bal i, thal caan ah, thingkung cung i a thlummi, a tlarimi pangpar hna cu “tlangpar in a tlongmi tilet hna bantuk” an si, cu nih cun ka pupa philh khawh lomi thil a chuahter. Ṭhal ah, thingkung cu a puak ṭhan lai, tutan cu a thlummi kha a khuh lai. "Chestnut pawl an hmin tikah, khuasik ah bushel cheukhat ka khon," tiah a thawngmi Thoreau nih "Walden" ah a tial. “Cu caan ahcun, cu lio caan ah Lincoln khua i a dong lomi chestnut ramlak ah vakvai cu a nuam tuk.”
Chestnut cu zumh awk tlak ngai an si. Kum tlawmpal chung ah acorn lawng a tlami oak thingkung hna he aa lo loin, chestnut thingkung hna nih cun tthal caan paoh ah nut cinmi tampi an chuahter. Chestnuts cu rawl ei a fawimi zong a si: a hnah kha na phoih khawh i a rawkmi pakhat kha na ei khawh. (Tannins a tammi acorns hman i zuam-asiloah tuah hlah.) Mi vialte nih chestnuts an ei: sazuk, vom, vom, va, minung. Lothlo pawl nih an vok kha an thlah hna i ramlak ah an thau. Christmas lio ah, chestnut in a khatmi tlanglawng pawl cu tlang in khuapi lei ah an rak i tlik. A si, meiphu nih a kangh taktak hna. “Hmun cheukhat ahcun, lo tuahtu hna nih chestnut zuarnak in lo tuahnak thilri dang vialte nakin tangka tam deuh an hmuh tiah an ti,” tiah Maynard le Powell nih a hnu ah rian an ttuannak sianginn dean hmasa bik William L. Bray nih a chim. 1915 ah tialmi a si. Mipi thingram a si, a tam deuh cu ramlak ah a ṭhangmi an si.
Cun rawl lawng si loin a dang zong a pek. Chestnut thingkung cu pe 120 tiang an kai kho, cun a hmasa pe 50 cu thinghnah le hri nih a buaiter hna lo. Hihi thingtan thiam pawl an saduhthah a si. A dawh bik le a fek bik thing zong a si lo nain, a ṭhang rang tuk, a hleiin tan hnu ah a ṭhan ṭhan i a ro lo. Tlanglawng lam hri le telephone tung hna an fekmi nih dawhnak a lonh caah, Chestnut nih sipuazi a tthangchomi America sernak ah a bawmh. Chestnut in sermi rawl chiahnak inn, inn hmete le biakinn thong tampi an dir rih; catialtu pakhat nih 1915 ah hi cu United States ah a tam bikmi thingkung phun a si tiah a tuak.
Nichuahlei tam deuh ah-thingkung hna cu Mississippi in Maine tiang an si, cun Atlantic rili kam in Mississippi tiva tiang-chestnuts zong cu hna lak ah pakhat an si. Asinain Appalachian ahcun, thingkung nganpi a si. Hi tlang hna ah hin chestnut billion tampi an um.
Fusarium wilt cu American mi tampi luhnak kutka a simi New York ah a rak chuak hmasa ti cu aa tlak. 1904 ah, Bronx Zoo ah a rawkral cuahmahmi chestnut thingkung hnah ah khuaruahhar zawtnak pakhat an hmuh. Hlathlaitu hna nih rungrul fahnak a chuahtertu rungrul (a hnu ah Cryphonectria parasitica tiah auhmi) cu 1876 hrawng ah ramdang in rak luhpimi Japan thingkung hna cungah a rak phan cang ti kha an hngalh colh. (A tlangpi in phunkhat luhternak le a fiangmi buaibainak hmuhchuahnak karlak ah caan a rau tawn.)
A rauh hlan ah ramkulh zeimawzat ah mi nih thingkung a thi cuahmahmi an thanh. Kum 1906 ah, New York Botanical Garden ah mycologist a simi William A. Murrill nih zawtnak kong he pehtlai in a hmasa bik scientific capar a chuah. Muriel nih a langhter ning ahcun, hi rungrul nih hin chestnut thingkung hnah ah a sen-senmi hmawm zawtnak a chuahter, cu nih cun a donghnak ah a hnah pawngkam kha a thianter. Rawl le ti cu thinghnah tang i a ummi thinghnah chung ah a cunglei le a tanglei ah a luang kho ti lo tikah, thihnak kuang cunglei thil vialte cu an thi dih lai.
Mi cheukhat nih ramlak chungin a tlaumi thingkung kha an ruat kho lo-asiloah midang nih an ruahter an duh lo. 1911 ah, Pennsylvania i ngakchia zohkhenhnak company Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm nih mah zawtnak cu “ṭihnak men a si lo” tiah an zumh. Ṭuanvo ngei lomi thawngzamhtu hna caan saupi an um. Lo cu 1913 ah an khar. A luancia kum hnih lio ah khan, Pennsylvania nih chestnut zawtnak committee an auh hna, US$275,000 (cu lio caan ah tangka tampi a rak si) hmannak nawl an pek hna, cun hi fahnak doh khawhnak ding caah thil tuah khawhnak nawl an thanh, cu chungah pumpak thilri ah thingkung hrawh khawhnak nawl zong aa tel. Zawtnak lei mifim hna nih meikanghnak khamnak tthatnak chuah khawhnak dingah zawtnak hrik a chuahnak hmailei meng tlawmpal chung ah a ummi chestnut thingkung vialte kha hloh dih dingin ruahnak an cheuh. Asinain hi rungrul cu zawtnak a ngei lomi thingkung ah a zuang kho, cun a rungrul cu thli, va, rungrul le minung nih an chawnh hna. Timhtuahnak cu hlawt a si.
1940 tiang ah, chestnut ngan pipi cu zawtnak an ngei ti lo. Nihin ah, tangka billion tampi man cu a hloh dih cang. Fusarium wilt cu vawlei ah a nung kho lo caah, chestnut hram cu a hung chuak peng, cun 400 million leng cu ramlak ah an um rih. Sihmanhsehlaw, Fusarium wilt nih a umnak oak thingkung ah a ngeitu caah rawhralnak nganpi a chuahpi lo in tikhonnak a hmuh. Cuka hmun in, rang tukin chestnut hnah thar ah a karh i vawlei ah a hlonh ṭhan hna, a tlangpi in pangpar an chuah hlan deuh ah a si tawn.
Thingkung sernak nih a dang lam a hmuh: thinghnah, thinghnah, thinghnah, le vutcam. Chestnut thingkung aa bochanmi rian ngan dang pakhat a simi vun tannak nih cun sermi vun tannak thilri ah aa thlen. Lo tuahtu sifak tampi caah cun, thlen ding zeihmanh a um lo: a dang ramchung thingkung nih lo tuahtu le an saram hna kha man loin, zumhawktlak le a tammi calorie le protein a pek hna lo. Chestnut blight nih Appalachians pawl nih anmah tein an i cawm khawhnak lo tuahnak phunglam kha a donghter tiah ti khawh a si, cuka hmun i a ummi hna kha a fiangmi thimnak ngeih dingin a forh hna: lungmeihol cawhnak hmun ah kal asiloah i ṭhial. Tuanbia thiam Donald Davis nih 2005 ah hitin a ṭial: “Chestnut thihnak ruangah vawleicung pumpi cu a thi, Appalachian tlang ah kum zabu pali leng a rak um cangmi nunnak phunglam kha a hloh.”
Powell cu Appalachians le chestnuts he aa hlatnak hmun ah a thang. A pa cu Vanlawng Ralkap ah rian a ttuan i a chungkhar: Indiana, Florida, Germany le Maryland nichuahlei rili kam ah aa ṭhial. New York ah rian a ttuan ko nain, a biachimmi nih Midwest i a fiangmi le Thlanglei i a fiang lomi asinain a fiangmi thleidannak kha a kilven. A ziaza sawhsawh le a thilthuam tahning sawhsawh nih pakhat le pakhat an i bawmh, a dong lomi plaid angki thlennak he jeans a langhter. A duh bikmi biafang cu “wow” a si.
Powell nih cun saram sibawi si dingin timhtuahnak a ngei, cu hlan tiang cu genetics lei professor nih amah tein rungrul le zawtnak khamnak thilti khawhnak a chuahter khomi genetic thlenmi thingram cung ah hram bunh in a thar, a hring deuhmi lo tuahnak ruahchannak a kamh hlan tiang a si. “Ka ruahmi cu, wow, rungrul in aa veng khomi thingram ser cu a ttha lo, cun rungrul thahnak sii zeihmanh na kah a hau lo?” Powell nih a chim. “A si ko, vawleicung midang nih ruahnak pakhat an zulh lo.”
Powell cu 1983 kum ah Utah State University sianginn a phanh tikah zeihmanh a poi lo. Sihmanhsehlaw, amah cu biologist laboratory ah aa tel i, blight fungus a derter khomi virus pakhat cung ah rian a ttuan. Hi virus hman an i zuammi cu a ttha tuk lo: thingkung pakhat in thingkung dang ah amah tein a karh lo caah, rungrul phun tampi caah remh a hau. Cuti a si ko nain, Powell cu thingkung nganpi a tlami tuanbia nih a lung a lak i minung nih tuahmi ngaihchiatnak palhnak a chuah khawhnak ding caah scientific in a phichuak a pek. Amah nih a chimmi cu: “Vawleicung pumpi ah aa chawkmi kan thilri pawl zohkhenhnak ttha lo ruangah, ruahlopi in zawtnak rungrul kan luhpi hna.” "Ka ruahmi cu: Wow, hi cu a hngalh a nuam. Rak tthan khawhnak caantha a um."
Powell cu sunghnak hloh aa zuam hmasa bikmi a si lo. American chestnut pawl cu an hlawh a tling lai lo ti a fiang hnu ah, USDA nih Tuluk chestnut thingkung, a hnah a tei deuhmi a rualchan, cin an i zuam, hi phun nih hin American chestnut pawl a thlen khawh hna lai maw ti hngalhthiam awkah. Sihmanhsehlaw, chestnuts cu lenglei ah an ṭhang deuh, cun theipar thingkung nakin theipar thingkung bantuk deuh an si. Ramlak ah thingthei kung le a dang American mi ngan pipi nih an tlawmter hna. An tthanchonak cu a kham, asiloah an thi sawhsawh. Scientist pawl zong nih US le China ram in chestnut pawl kha hmunkhat ah cin an i zuam, an pahnih ningcang ttha a ngeimi thingkung pakhat chuah khawh an i ruahchan. Cozah nih an i zuamnak cu a hlawh a tling lo i an hlawt.
Powell cu New York State University pawngkam kong le thingram zohkhenhnak sianginn ah rian a ttuan i, cuka ahcun laboratory ah thingkung a cinmi thlennawnnak lei mifim Chuck Maynard he an i tong. A luancia kum tlawmpal ah khan, scientist pawl nih a hmasa bik thlennawnnak thingram tissue an ser-cu nih cun chawlehnak caah hmannak nakin thiamnak lei langhternak caah zuu kha antibiotic doh khawhnak a pemi gene an chap. Maynard (Maynard) nih thiamnak thar ah aa tel, cu he aa pehtlaimi hmantlakmi thiamnak a kawl lio ah. Cu lio ahcun, Darling nih thlaici cheukhat le zuamcawhnak a ngei: American chestnuts remh.
Kum thong tampi chung phunglam ningin thingram cinnak phunglam ah, lo tuahtu hna (le naite scientist pawl) nih an duhmi sining a ngeimi phun pawl kha an cawh hna. Cun, genes pawl cu anmah tein an i cawh i, mi nih a sang deuhmi quality-a ngan deuhmi, a thaw deuhmi thei asiloah zawtnak doh khawhnak caah ruahchannak a ummi cawhmi kha an thim. A tlangpi in, thil pakhat chuah khawhnak ding caah chan zeimawzat a rau. Hi thil kalning hi a tlawm i a tlawmpal a buaiter. Darling nih hi lam nih hin a ramlak sining tluk in thingkung a chuahpi lai maw tiah a ruah. Hitin a ka ti: “A ṭha deuhmi kan tuah khawh lai tiah ka ruah.”
Genetic engineering timi cu uknak ngan deuh tinak a si: gene pakhatkhat cu aa pehtlaimi a si lomi phun pakhatkhat in a rami a si hmanhah, a hleiin tinhmi pakhatkhat caah thim khawh a si i thilnung dang genome chungah khumh khawh a si. (Saram phun dangdang in gene a ngeimi thilnung hna cu “thilnung thlennak in an thlen hna.” Nai ah, scientist pawl nih an i tinhmi thilnung hna i an genome kha direct in remh khawhnak thiamnak an ser.) Hi thiamnak nih hin a hlan ah a um bal lomi a dikthliar le a rangnak a kamh. Powell nih cun hi cu American chestnuts caah aa tlak tukmi a lo tiah a zumh, cu hna cu “a tlingmi thingkung” tiah a ti hna-a fekmi, a sangmi, le rawl a tammi, a hleiin remh a herhmi lawng a si: bacteria blight doh khawhnak.
Ka dawt, ka cohlan. Anih nih: “Kan chawlehnak ah engineer kan ngeih a hau,” tiah a ti. "Saknak in saknak tiang hi cu mah tein aa thlenmi phunkhat men a si."
Powell le Maynard nih cun ralchanhnak a petu genes pawl hmuh khawhnak ding caah kum hra a rau kho, chestnut genome ah chap khawhnak ding caah technology ser khawhnak ding le cu hnu ah cin khawhnak ding caah an tuak. “Kan ruah sawhsawh ko,” tiah Powell nih a ti. "Ahohmanh nih rungrul doh khawhnak a pemi genes an ngei lo. A fiangmi hmun in kan thawk taktak."
Darling nih 1980 kum hramthawk ah dirhmi hlawknak a hmu lomi bu American Chestnut Foundation sin in bawmhnak a hal. A hruaitu nih a tlau taktak tiah a chimh. Annih cu hybridization ah an i pekchanh i pawngkam zohkhenhtu hna dohnak a chuahtertu genetic engineering kongah ralring tein an um. Cucaah, Darling nih genetic engineering riantuannak caah tangka hmuhnak ding caah amah pumpak hlawknak a kawl lomi bu a dirh. Powell nih a chimmi cu, hi bu nih hin Maynard le Powell sinah $30,000 caah check hmasa bik an tial. (1990 ah, ram pumpi bu nih Darling's secessionist phu cu a hmasa bik ramkulh zung ah a remh i a cohlan, asinain chungtel cheukhat cu genetic engineering kha an zum lo asiloah an huat dih rih.)
Maynard le Powell cu rian ah an um. A rannak in, an tuakmi caan suaimi cu a hmaan lo ti a lang. A hmasa bik dawnkhantu cu laboratory ah chestnut zeitindah cin ding a si ti tuaktan hi a si. Maynard nih chestnut thinghnah le tthanchonak hormone kha a thuk lomi plastic petri dish ah cawh aa zuam, mah cu poplar kung cinnak caah hmanmi lam a si. Mah cu a si kho lomi a si ti a hung lang. Thingkung thar hna nih a hleiin sermi cells in hram le hnah an ser lai lo. Maynard nih cun, “Chestnut thingkung thahnak ah vawleicung hruaitu ka si,” tiah a ti. Georgia University ah hlathlaitu pakhat, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) nih a donghnak ah Maynard cu a ṭhanchonak dirhmun ah a ummi hrinmi hnah chung i a hnu bik thingram chestnuts tiang zeitindah kal ding a si ti kha a cawnpiak.
A dikmi gene hmuh-Powell riantuannak- zong nih a harmi a si ti a langhter. Kum zeimawzat chung cu rul genes cung ah hram bunh in antibacterial compound hlathlainak ah a hman, asinain mipi nih rul a ngeimi thingkung an cohlang lai lo ti an phang caah mah sii cu a hlawt. Chestnut ah bacteria blight dohnak gene zong a kawl, asinain thingkung kilvennak ah gene tampi aa tel ti a hmuh (a tlawmbik paruk an hmuh). Cun, 1997 ah, riantuan hawi pakhat cu scientific meeting in a ra kir i a tawinak le langhternak a tial. Powell nih “Transgenic thingram ah oxalate oxidase langhternak nih oxalate le oxalate a chuahtertu fungi doh khawhnak a pek” timi tlangtar pakhat a tial. A virus hlathlainak in, Powell nih cun wilt fungi nih oxalic acid a chuah i chestnut thinghnah a thah i a ei a fawiter ti kha a hngalh. Powell nih chestnut nih amah tein oxalate oxidase (oxalate a hrawk khomi a hleiin protein) a chuah khawh ahcun amah le amah aa ven khawh men ti kha a hun hngalh. Amah nih hitin a ti: “Cucu ka Eureka caan a si.”
Thlaici tampi nih oxalate oxidase chuah khawhnak ding caah gene an ngei ti a hung lang. Biachimtu hlathlaitu sin in, Powell nih rawl kung phunkhat a hmuh. Sianghngakchia Linda Polin McGuigan nih “gene gun” thiamnak cu chestnut embryos chungah genes thlah khawhnak ding caah a tthanchoter, embryo DNA chungah khumh khawh a si lai tiah ruahchannak a ngei. Cu gene cu nauinn chung ah caan karlak a um, asinain a tlau. Hlathlainak phu nih hi lam hi an hlawt i, caan saupi a liam cangmi ah thilnung dang DNA thleh i an genes khumh khawhnak lam a sertu bacteria ah an i thlen. Thilnung ah, thilnung hme tete nih a ngeitu kha bacteria rawl ser dingin a forhtu genes an chap. Geneticist pawl nih hi bacteria hi scientist nih a duhmi gene paoh a khumh khawh nakhnga an rak luhhnawh. McGuigan nih chestnut embryos ah rawl kung genes le marker proteins pawl kha zumhawktlak tein chap khawhnak thiamnak a hmuh. Protein cu microscope tangah ceunak pek a si tikah, protein nih a senmi ceunak a chuahter lai, cu nih cun hlawhtling tein luhternak a langhter. (Team nih marker protein hman kha an ngol colh-ahohmanh nih a ceumi thingkung an duh lo.) Maynard nih mah lam kha “vawleicung ah aa dawh bikmi thil” tiah a ti.
Caan a hung rauh deuh tikah, Maynard le Powell nih chestnut fonhnak line an sak, cu cu atu ah 1960s lio i a liannganmi lungvar le lungvar in sakmi ramlak hlathlainak inn dot zeimawzat tiang a karh, cun sianginn leng “Biotech Accelerator” hmun thar zong a kau. A kalning ah a hmasa bik ah aa khatmi hrinsor in a chuakmi hrinmi thim aa tel (lab ah sermi hrinmi tam deuh nih cutin an tuah lo caah clone ser cu santlaihnak a ngei lo) cun rawl hrin pawl khumh a si. Agar bantuk in hrinmi cells cu algae chungin chuahmi pudding bantuk thilri an si. Embryo cu thingkung ah ser khawhnak ding caah, hlathlaitu hna nih tthanchonak hormone an chap. Cube bantuk a simi plastic bawm za tampi cu hram a ngei lomi chestnut thingkung hmete hna he a tthawngmi ceunak mei vannak tang i thil chiahnak cung ah chiah khawh an si. A donghnak ah, scientist pawl nih hramhternak hormone an hman, an hramthawk thingkung pawl kha vawlei in a khatmi um chungah an cin hna i, lum le lum lo ukmi ṭhannak khaan ah an chiah hna. Khuaruahhar awk a um lo, laboratory chung i thingkung hna cu lenglei ah an dirhmun a chia. Cucaah, hlathlaitu hna nih ramlak thingkung hna he an fonh hna i lo ah hneksaknak caah a har deuhmi asinain a tuar khomi thilri an chuah.
A luancia kum hnih lio ah khan, Powell's lab ah sianginn a dihmi Hannah Pilkey nih zeitindah tuah ding a si ti kha a ka hmuhsak. Bacteria zawtnak a chuahtertu rungrul cu plastic petri dish hmete ah a cin. Hi kharmi sining ah hin, a senmi a senmi zawtnak rungrul cu a ttha lo i aa dawh ngai. Mipi thihnak le rawhnak a chuahtertu a si lai ti cu ruah awk a har ngai.
Vawlei cung i a ummi rungrul cu vawlei ah a khuk aa bil, thinghnah hmete pakhat i millimeter panga a sau mi kha a hmelchunh, scalpel in a dikthliar in a cheu pathum a tuah i hma ah hma a thuh. Plastic film pakhat in a khar hna. Hitin a ti: “Band-aid bantuk a si.” Hihi a doh kho lomi “control” thingkung a si caah, a senmi zawtnak cu thlopnak hmun in rang tukin a karh lai i a donghnak ah a hnah hmete pawl kha a kulh hna lai tiah a ruah. A hlan ah a rak thlop cangmi rawl kung gene aa telmi thingkung cheukhat kha a ka hmuhsak. Zawtnak cu a cheunak hmun lawng ah a si, cu bantuk cu kaa hmete pawng i a tlawmmi a senmi hmur bantuk a si.
2013 ah, Maynard le Powell nih Transgenic Research ah an hlawhtlinnak kong an thanh: American chestnut zawtnak an hmuh hnu kum 109 ah, anmah le anmah an i ven khawhnak ding caah a langmi Thingkung an ser, annih cu a hringmi rungrul tampi nih an tuk hna hmanh ah. An bawmchantu hmasa bik le a zaangfah bikmi upatnak caah, $250,000 hrawng a hman, cun hlathlaitu hna nih amah min in thingkung min an sak hna. Mah cu Darling 58 tiah an auh.
American Chestnut Foundation New York Chapter kum fatin tonnak cu 2018 October thla ruah a surmi Zarhpi ni ah New Paltz lenglei hotel hmete ah tuah a si. Minung 50 hrawng an i pum. Hi tonnak cu a cheu cu scientific tonnak a si i a cheu cu chestnut i thlennak tonnak a si. Pumhnak khaan hmete hnulei ah, member pawl nih Ziploc bawm a khatmi hnah an i thleng. Hi tonnak hi kum 28 chungah Darling le Maynard an i tel lonak a voikhatnak a si. Ngandamnak lei harnak nih an pahnih in a hlat ter hna. “Hi thil hi caan saupi kan tuah cang, cun kum fatin tein mithi caah dai tein kan um,” tiah club president Allen Nichols nih a ka chimh. Sihmanhsehlaw, lungput cu ruahchannak a um rih: thlennawnnak in thlenmi thingkung nih kum tampi chung a harmi himnak le tthatnak hneksaknak a tei cang.
Bu chungtel hna nih New York Ramkulh chung i a ummi chestnut thingkung ngan pakhat cio an dirhmun kong kha fiang tein an chim. Pilkey le a dang sianginn a dihmi siangngakchia hna nih pollen lak le chiah ning, innchung mei vannak tangah chestnut cin ning, le thingkung hna nun sauternak caah vawlei kha blight zawtnak in zeitindah kan khahter lai ti kha an chimh hna. Cashew chested mi hna, a tam deuh cu anmah tein thingkung an cin i an cin, mino scientist pawl sinah biahalnak an tuah hna.
Bowell cu vawlei ah a it, hi ṭhen caah phungninglo angki aa hrukmi: a hngawng a tlongmi angki cu jeans chungah aa khuh. A lungthin pakhat lawng a kawlmi-kum sawmthum chung Herb Darling nih chestnuts hmuh ṭhan aa tinhmi he aa pehtlaimi riantuannak-cu fimthiamnak lei mifim hna lakah a tlawm, annih nih kum nga chung bawmhnak caan chung ah hlathlainak an tuah tawn, cun a ṭhami a phichuak cu chawlehnak caah midang sinah an pek hna. Powell’s Environmental Science le Forestry Department ah rian a ṭuanṭi hawi Don Leopold nih hitin a ka ti: “A lungthin a pek tuk i a ziaza a ṭha tuk.” “Amah nih puanzar a khuh. Thil dang tampi nih a lung a vaivuanhter lo. A donghnak ah hlathlainak nih a tthancho tikah, State University of New York (SUNY) i hruaitu hna nih amah cu an chawnh i a thingkung caah patent an hal i university nih hlawknak an hmuh khawh nakhnga an hal, asinain Powell nih a duh lo. Anih nih cun genetic in thlenmi thingkung hna cu primitive chestnuts bantuk an si i hi khaan chung i Powell minung hna an si tiah a ti.
Asinain ralrinnak a pek hna: Technical harnak tam deuh an tei hnu ah, thlenmi thingkung hna nih atu ah harnak nganbik an ton men lai: US cozah. Zarh tlawmpal a liam cangmi ah khan, Powell nih cahmai 3,000 hrawng a simi file cu US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ah a pek hna, cu zung nih cun gene thlenmi thingram hna cohlannak rian a ttuan. Mah nih hin agency cohlannak kalning a thawk: soknak ca zohfel, mipi ruahnak hal, pawngkam hnahnawhnak kong chimmi chuah, mipi ruahnak hal ṭhan le biakhiahnak tuah. Mah rian cu kum zeimawzat a rau kho men. Biakhiahnak a um lo ahcun, project cu a dir kho. (A voikhatnak mipi ruahnak cheuhnak caan cu aa on rih lo.)
Hlathlaitu hna nih Food and Drug Administration sinah nawlnak ca dang pek an timh, cu ti cun thlennawnnak in thlenmi hnah hna i rawl himnak kha an zoh khawh lai, cun Pawngkam Kilvennak Zung nih Federal Pesticide Upadi tangah hi thingkung nih pawngkam a hnorsuan ning kha an zohfel lai, mah cu thlennak in thlenmi thingram vialte caah a herhmi a si. nunnak lei. "Hi cu science nakin a har deuh!" a zohtu hna lak i pakhat nih a ti.
"A si." Powell nih a cohlan. “Science cu lungthawh awk ngai a si. Lungdongh awk ngai a si.” (A hnu ah hitin a ka ti: “Agency phun thum nih zohkhenhnak cu a tam tuk. Pawngkam kilvennak ah thilthar sernak a thah taktak.”)
An thingkung hi a him ko timi langhternak caah Powell phu nih hneksaknak phunphun an tuah. Khuai pawl an hnah ah oxalate oxidase an pek hna. Vawlei chung i a ṭhami rungrul ṭhanchonak kha an tah. Ti chungah thinghnah pawl kha an chiah hna i t cungah an thlennak kha an hlathlai. Hlathlainak pakhat hmanh ah a chiatnak lei in a chuakmi thil pakhat hmanh hmuh a si lo-a ngaingai ti ahcun, thlenmi rawl eidin ningcang cu thlen lomi thingkung cheukhat hnah nakin a ttha deuh. Scientist pawl nih Oak Ridge National Laboratory le Tennessee um laboratory dangdang ah hlathlainak tuah dingin an kuat hna, cun remh lomi thingkung nih a chuahmi hnah he aa dannak an hmu lo.
Cu bantuk hmuhmi nih cun uknak lei riantuantu hna kha a lung a lawmhter khawh hna. GMOs a dohtu activist pawl cu an lung an lawmhter hna lai lo ti cu a fiang ko. Monsanto in aa din cangmi scientist John Dougherty nih Powell cu man loin ruahnak cheuhnak rian a pek. Cu ralchanhtu hna cu “ralchanhnak” tiah a ti hna. Kum hra chung, pawngkam zohkhenhnak bu pawl nih a hlatnak in aa pehtlaimi saram phun karlak ah gene thlennak nih ruahlopi in a chuahpi lai tiah ralrinnak an pek cang, cu hna cu “super weed” a chuahter i cu nih cun a chuakmi thingram a lonh, asiloah a ngeitu a chuahter khomi ramdang gene luhternak tibantuk a si. Cun company pawl nih patent hmuhnak le thilnung pawl uk khawhnak caah genetic engineering an hman sual lai ti zong an phang.
A tu ah, Powell nih cun riantuannak lei in direct in phaisa ka hmu lo tiah a ti, cun laboratory caah phaisa bawmhnak cu “aa pehtlaimi a si lo” tiah a chim. Sihmanhsehlaw, Brenda Jo McManama, “Indigenous Environmental Network” timi bu dirhtu nih, 2010 ah Monsanto nih Chestnut Foundation le a hawikom agency New York The chapter cu genetic thlennak patent pahnih nawl a pekmi hnatlaknak pakhat a langhter. (Powell nih a chimmi cu, Monsanto telh in industry bawmhnak nih hin a riantuannak tangka dihlak ah 4% nak tlawm deuh a si.) McManama nih Monsanto (2018 ah Bayer nih a cawkmi) nih a thli tein thingkung a chuah tthan dingmi bawmhnak in patent hmuh aa zuam tiah a lunghrinh. Mah zawnruahnak ngei loin project. “Monsan cu a ttha lo dih,” tiah fiang tein a chim.
Powell nih 2010 hnatlaknak chung i patent cu a dih cang tiah a ti, cun scientific cauk ah a thingkung konglam a phuannak thawngin, thingkung cu patent tuah khawh a si ti lo ti kha a hngalhter. Asinain mah nih lungretheihnak vialte a hloh dih lai lo ti kha a hun hngalh. Anih nih, “Mi pakhatkhat nih Monsanto caah hlennak men na si an ti lai ti ka hngalh,” tiah a ti. “Zeidah na tuah khawh, zeihmanh na tuah khawhmi a um lo.”
A luancia kum nga hrawng ah khan, American Chestnut Foundation hruaitu hna nih an i tinhmi cu hybridization lawng in kan tuah kho lai lo tiah an rak ruah caah, Powell nih a sermi genetic engineering program cu an rak cohlan. Mah biakhiahnak nih lungtlinlonak cheukhat a chuahter. March 2019 ah, Foundation i Massachusetts-Rhode Island Chapter i president, Lois Breault-Melican nih, Buffalo ah hram a bunhmi Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project), anti-gene engineering bu a chimmi ruangah a rian a chuahtak. Biaceihnak Ecology Project) bia alnak; a vapa Denis Melican zong nih board cu a chuahtak ve. Dennis nih nuva hna cu Powell's chestnuts cu “Trojan rang” a si sual lai ti an phang tuk tiah a ka chimh, cu nih cun chawlehnak thingkung dang hna caah genetic engineering hmangin thazaang tthawnter khawhnak lam a hunpiak hna.
Susan Offutt, loram lei sipuazi lei mifim, cu 2018 ah ramlak biotechnology kong hlathlainak a tuahmi National Academy of Sciences, Engineering le Medicine Committee ah chairman a si. Cozah phunglam sernak nih nunnak lei ttihnung kong a kau deuhmi kong kha a biapi ah a chiah, cun a kau deuhmi zatlang lungretheihnak, anti-GMO dotu hna nih an chuahpimi hna bantuk kha a ruat bal lo tiah a langhter. “Ramlak i a chunglei man cu zeidah a si?” tiah a hal, buainak tahchunhnak ah, a kalning nih a tawlrel lo. "Ramlak nih anmah le an tthatnak an ngei maw? Hihi hnahnawhnak peknak biakhiahnak kan tuah tikah hi thil hi ruah chih ding in ziaza lei rian kan ngei maw?"
Ka chawnhmi scientist tam deuh cu Powell thingkung kongah lungrethei awk a ruang tlawmte lawng an ngei, zeicahtiah ramlak nih hin a hlatnak tiang rawhralnak a tuar: thingtan, lungmeihol cawhnak, thanchonak, le thingkung a hrawhtu rungrul le zawtnak a dong lomi an um. Cu hna lakah, chestnut wilt cu onnak puai a si ti a fiang. "Kannih cu a tlingmi thilnung thar kan chuahpi zungzal hna," tiah New York, Millbrook um Cary Ecosystem Institute i ramlak ecologist Gary Lovett nih a chim. "Thil sining thlenmi chestnuts nih a chuahpimi thil cu a hme deuh ngai."
Wisconsin-Madison University in naite ah pension a lakmi ramlak ecologist Donald Waller nih cun a hlat deuh ah a kal. Hitin a ka ti: “Khatlei ah, ttihnung le laksawng karlak ah tlukruannak tlawmpal ka suai. Khatlei ah, ttihnung caah ka lu ka hrolh peng.” Hi thlennak thlenmi thingkung nih hin ramlak caah tihnung a si kho. Cu he aa dang in, "laksawng tang cahmai cu cafang in a khat ko." A hnah a doh khomi chestnut nih a donghnak ah hi ral a domi ramlak hi a tei lai tiah a ti. Mi nih ruahchannak an herh. Mi nih hmelchunhnak an herh. ”
Powell cu dai tein a um tawn, asinain thlennawnnak thlennak kongah lunghrinhnak a ngeimi hna nih an hninh men lai. Hitin a ti: “Ka caah sullam an ngei lo.” "Science cungah hram bunhmi an si lo." Engineer pawl nih mawṭaw ṭha deuh asiloah smartphone ṭha deuh an ser tikah ahohmanh an phunzai lo caah a ṭha deuhmi thingkung hna ah zeidah a palh ti kha hngalh a duh. “Hi hi a bawm khomi thilri a si,” tiah Powell nih a ti. “Zeicahdah hi thilri hi kan hman khawh lo na ti, Phillips screwdriver cu kan hman khawh ko nain, a tlangpi screwdriver cu kan hman kho lo, cun a let in?”
2018 October thla hramthawk ah, Syracuse thlanglei ah a nemmi hmun ah Powell he kan kal. American chestnut phun hmailei ah a karh lai tiah ruahchannak a ngei. Cu hmun cu mi um lo tluk a si, cun thingkung cinnak nawl an pekmi hmun tlawmte lakah pakhat a si. Caan saupi hlawtmi hlathlainak riantuannak in a chuakmi pine le larch cinnak hmun sang hna cu nichuahlei ah an i mer, thli a hrannak in aa hlat, cu nih cun cuka hmun cu tlawmpal ttihnung ngai in a umter.
Powell laboratory ah hlathlaitu Andrew Newhouse nih scientist pawl caah a tha bikmi thingkung pakhat, Virginia thlanglei in a rami ramlak chestnut pakhat cu a ser cuahmah cang. Thingkung cu pe 25 hrawng a sang i pe 10 a sangmi chiandeih innkaa nih a kulhmi aa dawhcah lomi chestnut theikung dum ah a ṭhang. Sianginn bawm cu thinghnah cheukhat ah an hren. Newhouse nih a fianter ning ahcun a chunglei plastic bawm cu June thla ah scientist pawl nih an halmi Darling 58 pollen ah aa hren, cun a lenglei thir mesh bawm nih cun rungrul pawl kha a tthangmi burrs in a kham hna. A dihlak in dirhmun cu United States Cinthlaknak Zung nih fek tein zohkhenhnak tangah a um; deregulation tuah hlan ah, innka ah siseh, hlathlaitu laboratory ah siseh, genes aa telmi thingkung hna chungin pollen asiloah hnah kha thleidan a hau.
Newhouse nih thinghnah cung i a hnuh khawhmi hnah tthennak hri kha a hman. Hri in hnuh tikah, namte cu a kuai i bawm cu a tla. Newhouse cu a hnu bik zung ṭengnge ah rang tein aa ṭhial i mah thil sining kha a tuah ṭhan. Powell nih a tlami bawm pawl cu a lak hna i plastic thilri hlonhnak bawm nganpi chungah a chiah hna, thilnung ttihnung thilri pawl tawngh bantuk tein.
Laboratory ah an kir hnu ah, Newhouse le Hannah Pilkey nih bawm cu an hlonh i a hringmi hnah chungin a senmi hnah kha rang tein an chuah. Chestnut hlathlainak ah riantuannak ah tihnung a simi hling nih vun a luh lo nakhnga an i ralrin. Hlan ahcun, annih nih a sunglawi tukmi thlennawnnak thei vialte kha an duh dih. Tutan cu, a donghnak ah tampi an ngei: 1,000 leng. “Kan dihlak in nuamhnak laam hmete kan tuah,” tiah Pirkey nih a ti.
Cu chunhnu ah, Powell nih chestnuts cu Neil Patterson zung ah a kalpi hna. Cu cu Ramchung Miphun Ni (Columbus Ni) a si, cun Patterson, ESF's Ramchung Miphun le Pawngkam Zung i Assistant Director cu sianginn hmun cheu li cheu khat in a rak kir tthan, cuka ahcun ramchung rawl hmuhsaknak a rak hruai hna. A fale pahnih le a farnu cu zung ah computer an i celh. Mi vialte nih hnah an thleh i an ei. “Annih cu tlawmpal an hring rih,” tiah Powell nih ngaihchihnak he a ti.
Powell laksawng cu thil tampi caah hman khawhmi a si. Thlaici a phawt hna, Patterson's network hmangin hmun thar ah chestnut cin ding in ruahchannak a ngei, cuka ahcun kum tlawmpal chungah thlenmi pollen an hmuh khawh lai. Cun thiam ngaimi chestnut ramkhel pehtlaihnak zong ah aa tel.
Patterson cu 2014 ah ESF nih rian a pek tikah, Powell nih Onondaga Nation Resident Territory in meng tlawmpal lawng aa hlatnak ah a ummi, thlennawnnak in sermi thingkung hna he hneksaknak a tuah ti kha a hngalh. A hnu bik cu Syracuse in meng tlawmpal thlanglei ramlak ah a um. Patterson nih project cu a hlawhtlin ahcun, zawtnak doh khawhnak genes cu a donghnak ah ram chungah a lut lai i cuka i a tangmi chestnut pawl he an i ton lai ti kha a hngalh, cucaah Onodaga sining caah a biapi tukmi ramlak kha a thlen lai. Cun, hmun dangdang ah thlenmi thilnung pawl doh awkah ramchung mi cheukhat telh in cawlcangtu hna a forhtu lungretheihnak kong zong a theih. Tahchunhnak ah, 2015 ah, Yurok miphun nih Northern California ah GMO chiahnak kha an kham, zeicahtiah an thlaici le salmon nga tlaihnak hna a thurhnawmh sual lai ti an phan caah a si.
“Hika ah hi thil hi kan cungah a tlung ti kha ka hngalh; a tlawmbik ah bia kan i ruah awk a si,” tiah Patterson nih a ka ti. ESF nih a tuahmi 2015 pawngkam kilvennak zung tonnak ah, Powell nih New York khuami hna sinah ttha tein timhcia tein bia a chim. Biachimnak a dih in Patterson nih hruaitu cheukhat nih hitin an chimmi kha a hngalh ṭhan: “Thingkung kan cin awk a si!” An lungthawhnak nih Patterson cu a khuaruah a harter. Hitin a ti: “Ka rak i ruahchan lo.”
Sihmanhsehlaw, a hnu i biaruahnak nih a langhter mi cu, an lak i tlawmte lawng nih a nunphung ah chestnut thingkung nih a ttuanmi rian kha an philh lo. Patterson nih a hnuzulhnak hlathlainak nih a chimhmi cu, zatlang buainak le pawngkam rawhralnak cu caankhat te ah a cang lio caan ah, US cozah nih a kau ngaimi hramhram in ralkap chuahternak le tthencheunak timhtuahnak a tuah i, zawtnak hrik cu a phan cang. Thil dang tampi bantuk in, cuka hmun i a ummi chestnut nunphung cu a tlau cang. Patterson nih cun thlennawnnak kong he pehtlai in hmuhning aa dang tuk ti zong a hmuh. Onoda's lacrosse fung sertu Alfie Jacques cu chestnut thing in fung ser a duh tuk i project cu a bawmh. Midang nih cun tihnung a tam tuk tiah an ruah caah thingkung pawl kha an doh hna.
Patterson nih hi dirhmun pahnih hi a hngalhthiam. Naite ah hitin a ka ti: “Cell phone le ka fa bantuk a si.” Coronavirus zawtnak ruangah a fa cu sianginn in inn ah a tlungmi a si tiah a langhter. "Nikhat cu ka dihlak in ka tuah; pehtlaihnak ngeih peng awkah, an cawng. A thaizing ah, cu thil hna cu hloh hna u sih." Asinain Powell he kum tampi biaruahnak nih a lunghrinhnak a derter. A rauh hlan ah, Darling thingkung 58 hna i an tefa hna nih an chuahpimi genes an ngei lai lo ti kha a hngalh, cucu a hramthawk ramlak chestnuts cu ramlak ah an ṭhang peng lai tinak a si. Patterson nih cun mah nih hin buainak nganpi a hloh tiah a ti.
October thla ah kan tlawn lio ah, GM project kha tlamtling tein a bawmh khawh lonak a ruang cu Powell nih thingkung he pehtlaihnak a tuahmi hna maw thingkung he aa pehtlaimi hna kha a ruat hna lo ti a hngalh lo caah a si tiah a ka chimh. “A caah zeidah a um ti ka hngal lo,” tiah Patterson nih a hngawng a bengh. Minung le chestnut karlak pehtlaihnak remh khawh a si lawngah hi thingkung hi hmuh ṭhan a herh tiah a ti.
Cu caah, Powell nih a pekmi hnah pawl kha chestnut pudding le chiti sernak ah hman a timh tiah a ti. Onondaga ramri ah hi rawl pawl hi a ratpi hna lai i mipi kha an hlanlio an thlumnak hmuh ṭhan dingin a sawm hna lai. A chimmi cu, “Ka ruahchan ko, hawikom hlun kuttlaih bantuk a si, a luan ciami na dinhnak hmun in bus cung kai lawng a hau,” tiah a ti.
Powell nih January thla ah Templeton World Charity Foundation in $3.2 million laksawng a hmuh, cu nih cun Powell cu phunglam sertu bu pawl a hruai hna tikah a kal khawh lai i a hlathlainak ah a biapi bikmi cu genetics in vawlei remhnak dihlak a taktak tiang a kauhter lai. Cozah nih thluachuah an pek ahcun, Powell le American Chestnut Foundation in scientist pawl nih a par hram an thawk cang lai. Pollen le a dang genes pawl cu thingkung dang hna i an hngakmi bawm cungah an puah lai asiloah an hlonh hna lai, cun gene thlenmi chestnuts hna an chanbaunak cu ukmi hneksaknak pawngkam he aa pehtlai loin a hung chuak lai. Gene cu lo le laboratory ah kilven khawh a si tiah ruah ahcun, hi cu a fiang lo, cun ramlak ah a karh lai-hi cu scientist pawl nih an duhmi nain radical pawl nih an tihmi ecological point a si.
Chestnut thingkung a um hnu ah, pakhat na cawk kho lai maw? A si, Newhouse nih a ti, cucu timhtuahnak a si. Hlathlainak tuahtu hna cu zarh fatin tein zeitik ah dah thingkung a um timi an hal hna.
Powell, Newhouse le a hawile an umnak vawlei ahcun, ram pumpi nih an thingkung an hngah ko ti ruah a fawite. Sihmanhsehlaw, Syracuse khuapi chungin hlathlainak tuahnak hmun in chaklei ah mawtaw mawngh cu American chestnuts a tlau hnu in pawngkam le zatlang nun ah zeitluk in dah thlennak thukpi a chuah ti kha a kan hngalhter ṭhan. Chestnut Heights Drive cu Syracuse chaklei khua hmete ah a um. A kau ngaimi innchungkhar lam a si, a kau ngaimi dum, le a caancaan ah inn hmai tual ah aa dawh ngaimi thingkung hme tete a um. . Thingkung company nih chestnut pawl thawhter ṭhan an herh lo. Chestnut cung ah hram bunhmi mah tein aa cawm khomi loram sipuazi cu a tlau dih cang. A har tukmi burrs chungin a nemmi le a thlummi hnah kha ahohmanh nih an chuah lo. Mi tam deuh nih cun ramlak ah zeihmanh a tlau lo ti hmanh an hngal men lai lo.
Ka dir i Onondaga Tidil pawng ah vutcam thingkung nganpi thlalang tangah picnic zanriah ka ei. Thingkung cu a senmi a senmi borers nih a tlunh. A thinghnah ah rungrul nih an tuahmi khur pawl kha ka hmuh khawh. A hnah a tlau hram aa thawk i kum tlawmpal hnu ah a thi kho i a rawk kho. Maryland um ka inn in hika rat awk ah, lamkam ah a hung tthangmi vutcam thinghnah a thimi thong tampi pawng in mawtaw in ka kal.
Appalachia ah, company nih a tanglei ah lungmeihol hmuh khawhnak ding caah Bitlahua hmun kau deuh in thingkung an thleh hna. Lungmeihol ram lungthin cu hlanlio chestnut ram lungthin he aa tlak. American Chestnut Foundation nih hlawtmi lungmeihol cawhnak hmun ah thingkung a cinmi bu pawl he rian an ttuan i, atu ahcun rawhralnak nih a denmi vawlei acre thong tampi ah chestnut thingkung an ṭhang. Hi thingkung hna hi bacteria blight a tei khomi hybrid phun cheukhat lawng an si, asinain nikhatkhat ah hlanlio ramlak ngan pipi he aa zuam khomi thingkung chanthar he aa khatmi an si kho men.
Kan hnu May thla ah khan, thli chung i carbon dioxide a tlawmtam ning cu a voikhatnak caah million pakhat ah 414.8 parts a phan. Thingkung dang bantuk in, American chestnuts hna i ti a si lomi ritnak cu carbon cheukhat tluk a si. Vawlei cung ah na cin khawhmi thil tlawmte lawng nih a tthang cuahmahmi chestnut thingkung nakin thli chungin carbon kha rang deuh in an lak khawh. Mah kha ruat in, nikum ah Wall Street Journal ah an chuahmi capar pakhat nih, “Chestnut cinnak hmun dang pakhat ngei hna u sih,” tiah ruahnak a cheuh.